Reporting and Interpreting Sales Revenue, Receivables, and Cash Chapter 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Accounting for Sales Revenue The revenue principle requires that revenues be recorded when realized (realizable) and earned: Goods or services have been delivered. Collection is reasonably assured. Amount of customer payments known.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Accounting for Sales Revenue Most sales are made for: Cash or On account On a credit card or

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Card Sales Companies accept credit cards for several reasons: 1.To increase sales. 2.To avoid providing credit directly to customers. 3.To avoid losses due to bad checks. 4.To avoid losses due to fraudulent credit card sales. 5.To receive payment quicker. Companies accept credit cards for several reasons: 1.To increase sales. 2.To avoid providing credit directly to customers. 3.To avoid losses due to bad checks. 4.To avoid losses due to fraudulent credit card sales. 5.To receive payment quicker. When credit card sales are made, the company must pay the credit card company a fee for the service it provides.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2/10, n/30 Sales Discounts When customers purchase on open account, they may be offered a sales discount to encourage early payment. Read as: “Two ten, net thirty” Discount Percentage # of Days in Discount Period Otherwise, the Full Amount Is Due Maximum Days in Credit Period

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin To Take or Not Take the Discount With discount terms of 2/10,n/30, a customer saves $2 on a $100 purchase by paying on the 10 th day instead of the 30 th day. Annual Interest Rate = 365 Days 20 Days 365 Days 20 Days × 2.04% = 37.23% $2 $98 = 2.04% Interest Rate for 20 Days = Amount Saved Amount Paid

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts Debited for discount taken Debited for returned merchandise. Contra revenue account.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Returns and Allowances Debited for damaged merchandise. Debited for returned merchandise. Contra revenue account.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 9 On January 6, Deckers sold $1,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30. Prepare the Deckers journal entry. On January 6, Deckers sold $1,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30. Prepare the Deckers journal entry. Recording Discounts and Returns

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 10 On January 14, Deckers receives the appropriate payment from the customer for the January 6 sale. Prepare the Deckers journal entry. On January 14, Deckers receives the appropriate payment from the customer for the January 6 sale. Prepare the Deckers journal entry. $1,000 × 2% = $20 sales discount $1,000 - $20 = $980 cash receipt Contra-revenue account Recording Discounts and Returns

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 11 If the customer remits the appropriate amount on January 20 instead of January 14, what entry would Deckers make? Since the customer paid outside of the discount period, a sales discount is not granted. Recording Discounts and Returns

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 12 On July 8, before paying, a customer returns $500 of sandals originally purchased on account from Deckers. Prepare the Deckers journal entry. On July 8, before paying, a customer returns $500 of sandals originally purchased on account from Deckers. Prepare the Deckers journal entry. Recording Discounts and Returns

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Reporting Net Sales Companies record credit card discounts, sales discounts, and sales returns and allowances separately to allow management to monitor these transactions.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Gross Profit Percentage Deckers reported gross profit of $141,199,000 on sales of $304,423,000. Gross Profit Percentage Gross Profit Net Sales = Other things equal, higher gross profit results in higher net income. Gross Profit Percentage $141,399,000 $304,423,000 == 46.4%

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 15 When companies allow customers to purchase merchandise on an open account, the customer promises to pay the company in the future for the purchase. Measuring and Reporting Receivables Accounts Receivable Trade receivables are amounts owed to the business for credit sales of goods, or services. Nontrade receivables are amounts owed to the business for other than business transactions.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Accounting for Bad Debts Bad debts result from credit customers who will not pay the business the amount they owe, regardless of collection efforts. Matching Principle Bad Debt Expense Sales Revenue Record in same accounting period. Most businesses record an estimate of the bad debt expense with an adjusting entry at the end of the accounting period.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Bad Debt Expense Estimates Deckers estimated its bad debt expense to be $4,685,000. Prepare the adjusting entry. Deckers estimated its bad debt expense to be $4,685,000. Prepare the adjusting entry. Bad Debt Expense is normally classified as a selling expense and is closed at year-end. Contra asset account

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Amount the business expects to collect. Balance Sheet Disclosure

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Writing Off Uncollectible Accounts When it is clear that a specific customer’s account receivable will be uncollectible, the amount should be removed from the Accounts Receivable account and charged to the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Deckers’ total write-offs were $6,969,000. Prepare a summary journal entry for these write-offs. Deckers’ total write-offs were $6,969,000. Prepare a summary journal entry for these write-offs.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 20 Assume that before the write-off, Deckers’ Accounts Receivable balance was $62,640,000 and the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts balance was $13,069,000. Let’s see what effect the total write-offs of $6,969,000 had on these accounts. Writing Off Uncollectible Accounts The total write-offs of $6,969,000 did not change the net realizable value nor did it affect any income statement accounts.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bad debt percentage is based on actual uncollectible accounts from prior years’ credit sales. Focus is on determining the amount to record on the income statement as Bad Debt Expense. Estimating Bad Debts ─ Percentage of Credit Sales

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 22 Percentage of Credit Sales Kid’s Clothes had credit sales of $600,000. Past experience indicates that bad debts are one percent of sales. What is the estimate of bad debts expense? $600,000 ×.01 = $6,000 Now, prepare the adjusting entry.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Estimating Bad Debts— Aging of Accounts Receivable Focus is on determining the desired balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts on the balance sheet. Each customer’s account is aged by breaking down the balance by showing the age (in number of days) of each part of the balance. An aging of accounts receivable for Kid’s Clothes might look like this... Each customer’s account is aged by breaking down the balance by showing the age (in number of days) of each part of the balance. An aging of accounts receivable for Kid’s Clothes might look like this...

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 24 Aging Schedule Based on past experience, the business estimates the percentage of uncollectible accounts in each time category. These percentages are then multiplied by the appropriate column totals.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 25 Aging Schedule Record the adjusting entry assuming that the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts currently has a $50 credit balance. The column totals are then added to arrive at the total estimate of uncollectible accounts of $1,201.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 26 After posting, the Allowance account would look like this... Aging of Accounts Receivable

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 27 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Notice that the balance after adjustment is equal to the estimate of $1,201 based on the aging analysis performed earlier. Aging of Accounts Receivable

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 28 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Comparing the Percent-of-Sales and Aging Methods Allowance Method Percent-of-Sales Method Adjusts Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts BY Amount of UNCOLLECTIBLE ACCOUNT EXPENSE Aging-of-Receivables Method Adjusts Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts TO Amount of UNCOLLECTIBLE RECEIVABLES

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 29 Deckers reported net sales of $689,445,000. Last year-end receivables were $72,209,000 and this year-end receivables were $108,129,000. This ratio measures how many times average receivables are recorded and collected for the year. Receivables Turnover Net Sales Average Net Trade Receivables Receivables Turnover = $689,445,000 ($72,209,000 + $108,129,000) ÷ 2 Receivables Turnover = = 7.6

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 30 Deckers Receivables Turnover was 7.6. This ratio indicates the average time it takes a customer to pay its accounts. Average Collection Period 365 Receivables Turnover Average Collection Period = Average Collection Period ==48 days

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 31 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Focus on Cash Flows Sales Revenue Add Decrease in Accounts Receivable Subtract Increase in Accounts Receivable Cash Collected from Customers

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 32 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cash and Cash Equivalents Checks Money Orders Bank DraftsCertificates of Deposit T-Bills

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 33 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Internal Control of Cash Cash is the asset most susceptible to theft and fraud. Properly account for assets. Ensure the accuracy of financial records. Safeguard assets. Internal control refers to policies and procedures designed to: Separation of Duties Authorization Recording Custody

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 34 INTERNAL CONTROL  Separation of duties  Separation of operations from the accounting function  Separation of the custody of assets from accounting for them  Separation of the authorization of transactions from the custody of related assets  Separation of duties within the accounting function

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 35 Daily Deposits Purchase Approval Prenumbered Checks Payment Approval Cash Controls Check Signatures Bank Reconciliations Internal Control of Cash

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 36 INTERNAL CONTROL  The limitations of internal control  A system designed to thwart an individual employee’s fraud can be beaten by collusion between two or more employees to defraud the system  A system of internal control that is too complex can hurt efficiency and control

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. End of Chapter 6