Understanding Soil Texture and Structure
Soil Texture Soil Texture: Fineness or coarseness of a soil What are the three soil particles? ◦ Sand ◦ Silt ◦ Clay
Soil Texture Why is soil texture important? ◦ It affects Water-holding Capacity Permeability Soil Workability Ability of plants to grow
Determine Soil Texture What would you do to determine the texture of a soil sample?
Determine the Texture Can be tested in a lab ◦ The lab results will be in the form of percentages of the three soil particles. So let’s say we had: ◦ 40% sand ◦ 10% clay ◦ 50 % silt How would this sample feel?
Determine the Texture What do you do with those percentages? ◦ 40% sand ◦ 10% clay ◦ 50 % silt Use the Textural Triangle to determine the textural class
Sand: 20% Silt:30% Clay: 50% Sand: 40% Silt:45% Clay: 15% Sand: 17% Silt:44% Clay: 39%
Determine the Texture What if you can’t send it to a lab? What would you do? The Ribbon Test ◦ You can find 5 texture classes in the field with this method Fine-textured Moderately fine-textured Medium textured Moderately coarse-textured Coarse textured
Activity – The Ribbon Test Watch the videovideo
You need: ◦ Soil ◦ Water Now roll your sleeves up Put a small amount of your soil in your hand Moisten it Squeeze Does it stay together? Roll it into a ball Will it stay in a ball? Form a ribbon Will it? How long before it breaks? What soil texture do you have? Activity – The Ribbon Test
Soil Structure, Function, Importance What is Soil Structure? ◦ Arrangement of soil particles into aggregates. (clusters) ◦ Many different sizes and shapes Peds ◦ Naturally occurring aggregates Clods ◦ Aggregates formed by tilling
Two steps to forming soil structure ◦ Clumps of soil particles stick together Plant roots surround soil and break up clumps Freezing and thawing of soil Soil gets wet and then dries out Soil is tilled Fungal activity ◦ Weak aggregates are cemented together making them distinct and strong. Clay, iron oxides, and organic matter act as cement Also gums produced by microorganisms Soil Structure, Function, Importance
Soil structure: ◦ Improves tilth ◦ Improves permeability ◦ Resists beating action of raindrops Minimizes formation of crusts Why is Soil Structure Important?
Identify Soil Structures Eight of them Granular ◦ Aggregates are small, non-porous, and strongly held together Crumb ◦ Aggregates are small, porous and weakly held together
Platy ◦ Aggregates are flat, plates overlap causing slow permeability Prismatic/Columnar ◦ Aggregates are prism-like with the vertical axis greater than the horizontal; ◦ Prismatic – flat caps ◦ Columnar – rounded caps Identify Soil Structures
Blocky ◦ Aggregates are block-like, with six or more sides; all three dimensions are about the same Structureless ◦ No apparent structure – 2 forms ◦ Single grain Soil particles are individual and do not form aggregates ◦ Massive Soil particles cling together in large uniform masses Identify Soil Structures
Soil Structure affect on water