DNA Replication

Processing of Genetic Material

What is DNA Replication The process by which the DNA within a cell makes exact copies of itself Balance of speed and accuracy Used for growth, repair and embryonic development Done during Interphase of mitosis

When…. S phase

Possible Models Conservative – original intact and a completely new daughter DNA Dispersive Model- a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA parts Semiconservative - Both daughter strands are composed of an old strand and one new Isotopes were used to show that DNA replication was semiconservative

Messelson and Stahl

DNA Replcation DNA replication is semiconservative The parent double helix produces 2 daughter double helices. Each daughter molecule will have a parental strand and a daughter strand (an old strand and a new strand)

A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base covalently attached to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) but without the phosphate group. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and one to three phosphate groups.base Nucleoside = Sugar + Base Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphate *A nucleoside monophosphate = nucleotide Nucleoside vs. Nucleotide

The Process Overview – Double helix is unwound to expose bases for new base pairing – Two new strands are assembled using the parental DNA as a template – New strands reform into helices

The Process 1.The following proteins bind to the replication origin (1 origin for a plasmid, multiple for linear DNA in eukaryotes) 2.The point at which the DNA pulls apart is known as the replication fork (bubble) 3.DNA helicase pulls strand segments apart and by breaking the hydrogen bonds (just ahead of the replication fork) 4.Single stranded binding proteins (SSBPs) keep them from re-annealing. 5.DNA Gyrase – relieves tension

Replication Forks DNA synthesis occurs at numerous different locations on the same DNA molecule (hundreds in a human chromosome). The replication rate of eukaryotic DNA is 500 to 5000 base pairs per minute A human cell typically requires a few hours to duplicate the 6 billion base pairs

Replication fork

DNA will replicate small segments of the larger strand at a time. So only small segments will be unwound and separated by helicase at any give time. These segments are called replication bubbles. The junction where the 2 strands are still attached is called the replication fork

Helicase SSB protein DNA polymerase III RNA primase

Building via complimentary base pairing The new strand of DNA will build using the parent strand as a template Done by complimentary base pairing; Remember A-T and G-C The free floating nucleotide triphosphate used for synthesis are ATP, GTP, CTP and TTP. Two of the phosphates will be removed when the nucleotide is attached to the growing chain of new DNA. This provide energy for sugar phosphate bonds.

Adding Nucleotides RNA Primase lays RNA primer that tells the cell where to start adding nucleotides The enzyme primase creates an RNA primer – which is RNA nucleotides. The RNA primer temporarily attaches to the 3’ end of a DNA strand. The purpose of the primer is to create a starting point for the DNA nucleotides to attach

Adding Nucleotides DNA polymerase III attaches new nucleotides to the 3’ hydroxyl end of the parent chains after the primer (5’ of daughter) Replication of new strand can only synthesize in the 5’ to 3’ direction A primer must be available to serve as a starting point for the attachment of new nucleotides

5’  3’ DNA is always synthesized in the 5’ -3’ direction. This means: a nucleotide that is being added will bond its phosphate group (at the 5’ end) to a nucleoside that is already apart of the strand. The next nucleotide will bond to the 3’ end of the previous nucleotide with its 5’ end.

Where will the RNA primer attach?

Leading/Lagging The open 3’ end of the parent strand is known as the LEADING STRAND can be copied continuously The 5’ end is known as the LAGGING STRAND and is copied dis-continuously

LAGGING STRAND The other strand is called the lagging strand. It is synthesized discontinuously in the direction away from the replication fork and in the opposite direction of helicase. As a result, short fragments ( nucleotides in length) are produced called Okazaki fragments (at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment there will be a RNA primer)

Which is the leading strand/lagging?

Okazaki Fragments Sections copied discontinuously are called Okazaki Fragments Primer must be laid at intervals as the fork reveals more of the parent strand to create the correct direction of replication 5’ to 3’ DNA polymerase I removes the primers in the lagging strand and inserts proper nucleotides DNA ligase joins fragments by linking the sugar phosphate backbone (makes phosphodiester bond)

As it opens new primer is laid and synthesis occurs 5’ to 3’ until it meets the last primer

Proofreading DNA polymerase proofreads the DNA and inserts correct base pairs if any mistakes have occurred As the 2 new double strands of DNA are made, they will automatically twist into a helix.

Proofreading Errors occur 1 in every to bases DNA polymerases check for correct hydrogen bonding If there is a mistake polymerase excises it and inserts correct one Brings errors down to 1 in a billion base pairs

Issues Each time the DNA gets shorter -100bp each time

Senescence (Aging)

Telomeres Non-coding, highly repetitive sequences on the end of DNA Rich in Guanine nucleotides Repeated several thousand times Protect against the loss of genetic material Telomerase replenishes telomeres End replication problem How to reverse aging

OVERVIEW Enzyme/ProteinFunction Helicase Cleaves and unwinds short section of DNA ahead of the replication fork Single stranded binding proteins SSBs Keep DNA from re-annealing DNA polymerase III Attaches nucleotide to 3’ end of parent strand Synthesis 5’ to 3’ Proofreads base pairing DNA polymerase I Removes RNA primers, proofread DNA ligase Catalyzes formation of phosphate bridges to join Okazaki fragments Primase Synthesizes RNA primer to begin elongation Telomerase Replenishes lost nucleotides in telomeres

Overview

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