© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Supporting Rigorous Mathematics Teaching and Learning Selecting and Sequencing Based on Essential Understandings Tennessee Department of Education Middle School Mathematics Grade 7

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Rationale There is wide agreement regarding the value of teachers attending to and basing their instructional decisions on the mathematical thinking of their students (Warfield, 2001). By engaging in an analysis of a lesson-planning process, teachers will have the opportunity to consider the ways in which the process can be used to help them plan and reflect, both individually and collectively, on instructional activities that are based on student thinking and understanding. 2

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Session Goals Participants will learn about: goal-setting and the relationship of goals to the CCSS and essential understandings; essential understandings as they relate to selecting and sequencing student work; Accountable Talk ® moves related to essential understandings; and prompts that problematize or “hook” students during the Share, Discuss, and Analyze phase of the lesson. 3

“The effectiveness of a lesson depends significantly on the care with which the lesson plan is prepared.” Brahier,

“During the planning phase, teachers make decisions that affect instruction dramatically. They decide what to teach, how they are going to teach, how to organize the classroom, what routines to use, and how to adapt instruction for individuals.” Fennema & Franke, 1992, p

TASKS as they appear in curricular/ instructional materials TASKS as set up by the teachers TASKS as implemented by students Student Learning The Mathematical Tasks Framework Stein, Smith, Henningsen, & Silver, 2000 Linking to Research/Literature: The QUASAR Project 6

TASKS as they appear in curricular/ instructional materials TASKS as set up by the teachers TASKS as implemented by students Student Learning The Mathematical Tasks Framework Stein, Smith, Henningsen, & Silver, 2000 Linking to Research/Literature: The QUASAR Project Setting Goals Selecting Tasks Anticipating Student Responses Orchestrating Productive Discussion Monitoring students as they work Asking assessing and advancing questions Selecting solution paths Sequencing student responses Connecting student responses via Accountable Talk discussions 7

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Identify Goals for Instruction and Select an Appropriate Task 8

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Structure and Routines of a Lesson The Explore Phase/Private Work Time Generate Solutions The Explore Phase/ Small-Group Problem Solving 1.Generate and Compare Solutions 2.Assess and Advance Student Learning Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase of the Lesson 1. Share and Model 2. Compare Solutions 3.Focus the Discussion on Key Mathematical Ideas 4. Engage in a Quick Write MONITOR: Teacher selects examples for the Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase based on: Different solution paths to the same task Different representations Errors Misconceptions SHARE: Students explain their methods, repeat others’ ideas, put ideas into their own words, add on to ideas and ask for clarification. REPEAT THE CYCLE FOR EACH SOLUTION PATH COMPARE: Students discuss similarities and difference between solution paths. FOCUS: Discuss the meaning of mathematical ideas in each representation REFLECT: Engage students in a Quick Write or a discussion of the process. Set Up the Task Set Up of the Task 9

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Contextualizing Our Work Together Imagine that you are working with a group of students who have the following understanding of the concepts: 75% of the students need to make sense of what it means to add and subtract signed numbers using a number line. (7.NS.A.1, A.1b, A.1c) 20% of the students need additional work on understanding zero pairs. (7.NS.A.1a) 5% of the students struggle to pay attention and their understanding of numbers and operations is two grade levels below seventh grade. 10

The CCSS for Mathematics: Grade 7 The Number System 7.NS Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers. 7.NS.A.1 Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram. 7.NS.A.1a Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0. For example, a hydrogen atom has 0 charge because its two constituents are oppositely charged. 7.NS.A.1b Understand p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p, in the positive or negative direction depending on whether q is positive or negative. Show that a number and its opposite have a sum of 0 (are additive inverses). Interpret sums of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts. Common Core State Standards, 2010, p. 48, NGA Center/CCSSO 11

The CCSS for Mathematics: Grade 7 The Number System 7.NS Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers. 7.NS.A.1c Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse, p – q = p + (-q). Show that the distance between two rational numbers on the number line is the absolute value of their difference, and apply this principle in real-world contexts. 7.NS.A.1d Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract rational numbers. Common Core State Standards, 2010, p. 48, NGA Center/CCSSO 12

Mathematical Practice Standards Related to the Task 1.Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. 2.Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3.Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. 4.Model with mathematics. 5.Use appropriate tools strategically. 6.Attend to precision. 7.Look for and make use of structure. 8.Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Common Core State Standards, 2010, p. 6-8, NGA Center/CCSSO 13

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Identify Goals: Solving the Task (Small Group Discussion) Solve the task. Discuss the possible solution paths to the task. 14

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Cold Weather Task 1.Keisha loves to keep track of the temperature outside. She looks at the thermometer when she wakes up, at noon, and before she goes to bed, and records the temperatures in the table below. a.Use the thermometers below to show change in temperature from morning to noon and from noon to evening. Time of DayTemperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) Morning-2.4 Noon7.3 Evening-2.4 Morning to Noon Noon to Evening 15

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Cold Weather Task (continued) b.Write equations that can be used to model the change in the temperature from morning to noon and from noon to evening. 2.Evaluate the differences and model your solutions using a number line. -6 – 14 = 14 – (-6) = 3.What do you notice about the differences you calculated? 16

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Identify Goals Related to the Task (Whole Group Discussion) Does the task provide opportunities for students to access the Standards for Mathematical Content and Practice that we have identified for student learning? 17

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Identify Goals: Essential Understandings (Whole Group Discussion) Study the essential understandings associated with the Number System Common Core Standards. Which of the essential understandings are the goals of the Cold Weather Task? 18

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Essential Understanding The Sum of Two Rational Numbers Can be Located on a Number Line The sum of two numbers p and q is located q units from p on the number line, because p and q represent linear distances with direction from zero. When q is a positive number, p + q is to the right of p. When q is a negative number, p + q is to the left of p. Subtraction is Adding the Inverse The difference of two numbers p – q is equal to p + (-q) because both can be modeled by the same point on the number line. That is, if q is positive, p – q and p + (-q) are both located at the point q units to the left of p and if q is negative, both are located at a point q units to the right of p. The Results of the Expressions b – a and a – b are Opposite Values The results of the expressions b - a and a - b are opposite values because, since each represents the distance between the same two points, their absolute values must be the same while their direction must be opposite. Addition is Commutative, but Subtraction is Not The order of the values being added does not affect the sum, but the order of the values being subtracted does affect the difference because movement along the number line is in opposite directions. Essential Understandings (Small Group Discussion) 19

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Selecting and Sequencing Student Work for the Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase of the Lesson 20

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Analyzing Student Work (Private Think Time) Analyze the student work. Identify what each group knows related to the essential understandings. Consider the questions that you have about each group’s work as it relates to the essential understandings. 21

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Prepare for the Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase: Selecting and Sequencing Student Work (Small Group Discussion) Assume that you have circulated and asked students assessing and advancing questions. Study the student work samples. 1.Which pieces of student work will allow you to address the essential understanding? 2.How will you sequence the student’s work that you have selected? Be prepared to share your rationale. 22

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase: Selecting and Sequencing Student Work (Small Group Discussion) In your small group, come to a consensus on the work that you select, and share your rationale. Be prepared to justify your selection and sequence of student work. Essential UnderstandingsGroup(s)OrderRationale The Sum of Two Rational Numbers Can be Located on a Number Line Subtraction is Adding the Inverse The Results of the Expressions b – a and a – b are Opposite Values Addition is Commutative, but Subtraction is Not 23

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase: Selecting and Sequencing Student Work (Whole Group Discussion) What order did you identify for the EUs and student work? What is your rationale for each selection? Essential Understandings #1 via Gr. #2 via Gr. #3 via Gr. #4 Via Gr. The Sum of Two Rational Numbers Can be Located on a Number Line The sum of two numbers… Subtraction is Adding the Inverse The difference of two numbers… The Results of the Expressions b – a and a – b are Opposite Values The results of the expressions… Addition is Commutative, but Subtraction is Not The order of the values… 24

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Group A 25

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Group B 26

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Group C 27

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Group D 28

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Group E 29

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase: Selecting and Sequencing Student Work (Whole Group Discussion) What order did you identify for the EUs and student work? What is your rationale for each selection? Essential Understandings #1 via Gr. #2 via Gr. #3 via Gr. #4 Via Gr. The Sum of Two Rational Numbers Can be Located on a Number Line The sum of two numbers… Subtraction is Adding the Inverse The difference of two numbers… The Results of the Expressions b – a and a – b are Opposite Values The results of the expressions… Addition is Commutative, but Subtraction is Not The order of the values… 30

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum The Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase of the Lesson 31

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Academic Rigor In a Thinking Curriculum A teacher must always be assessing and advancing student learning. A lesson is academically rigorous if student learning related to the essential understanding is advanced in the lesson. Accountable Talk discussion is the means by which teachers can find out what students know or do not know and advance them to the goals of the lesson. 32

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Accountable Talk Discussions Recall what you know about the Accountable Talk features and indicators. In order to recall what you know: Study the chart with the Accountable Talk moves. You are already familiar with the Accountable Talk moves that can be used to Ensure Purposeful, Coherent, and Productive Group Discussion. Study the Accountable Talk moves associated with creating accountability to:  the learning community;  knowledge; and  rigorous thinking. 33

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Accountable Talk Features and Indicators Accountability to the Learning Community Active participation in classroom talk. Listen attentively. Elaborate and build on each others’ ideas. Work to clarify or expand a proposition. Accountability to Knowledge Specific and accurate knowledge. Appropriate evidence for claims and arguments. Commitment to getting it right. Accountability to Rigorous Thinking Synthesize several sources of information. Construct explanations and test understanding of concepts. Formulate conjectures and hypotheses. Employ generally accepted standards of reasoning. Challenge the quality of evidence and reasoning. 34

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Accountable Talk Moves Talk MoveFunctionExample To Ensure Purposeful, Coherent, and Productive Group Discussion MarkingDirect attention to the value and importance of a student’s contribution. That’s an important point. Challenging Redirect a question back to the students or use students’ contributions as a source for further challenge or query. Let me challenge you: Is that always true? Revoicing Align a student’s explanation with content or connect two or more contributions with the goal of advancing the discussion of the content. S: You said three groups of four. Recapping Make public in a concise, coherent form, the group’s achievement at creating a shared understanding of the phenomenon under discussion. Let me put these ideas all together. What have we discovered? To Support Accountability to Community Keeping the Channels Open Ensure that students can hear each other, and remind them that they must hear what others have said. Say that again and louder. Can someone repeat what was just said? Keeping Everyone Together Ensure that everyone not only heard, but also understood, what a speaker said. Can someone add on to what was said? Did everyone hear that? Linking Contributions Make explicit the relationship between a new contribution and what has gone before. Does anyone have a similar idea? Do you agree or disagree with what was said? Your idea sounds similar to his idea. Verifying and Clarifying Revoice a student’s contribution, thereby helping both speakers and listeners to engage more profitably in the conversation. So are you saying..? Can you say more? Who understood what was said? 35

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH To Support Accountability to Knowledge Pressing for Accuracy Hold students accountable for the accuracy, credibility, and clarity of their contributions. Why does that happen? Someone give me the term for that. Building on Prior Knowledge Tie a current contribution back to knowledge accumulated by the class at a previous time. What have we learned in the past that links with this? To Support Accountability to Rigorous Thinking Pressing for Reasoning Elicit evidence to establish what contribution a student’s utterance is intended to make within the group’s larger enterprise. Say why this works. What does this mean? Who can make a claim and then tell us what their claim means? Expanding Reasoning Open up extra time and space in the conversation for student reasoning. Does the idea work if I change the context? Use bigger numbers? Accountable Talk Moves (continued) 36

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH The Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase of the Lesson: Planning a Discussion (Small Group Discussion) From the list of potential EUs and its related student work, each group will select an essential understanding to focus their discussion. Identify a teacher in the group who will be in charge of leading a discussion with the group after the Accountable Talk moves related to the EU have been written. Write a set of Accountable Talk moves on chart paper so it is public to your group for the next stage in the process. 37

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH An Example: Accountable Talk Discussion The Focus Essential Understanding The Results of the Expressions b – a and a – b are Opposite Values The results of the expressions b – a and a – b are opposite values because they represent the difference between the same two points; their absolute values must be the same. Group A Group B Group A, share your conjecture about the results of a – b compared to b – a. Who understood what she said about movement on the number line? (Community) Can you say back what he said about where the differences between a – b and b – a are? (Community) Who can tell us why the results will always be opposite values? (Knowledge) Subtraction can be modeled by moving to the left or the right on the number line. (Marking) How does this relate to subtracting a negative number? (Rigor) How does Group B’s strategy compare to the strategy used by Group A? (Rigor) 38

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Problematize the Accountable Talk Discussion (Whole Group Discussion) Using the list of essential understandings identified earlier, write Accountable Talk discussion questions to elicit from students a discussion of the mathematics. Begin the discussion with a “hook” to get student attention focused on an aspect of the mathematics. Type of HookExample of a Hook Compare and Contrast Compare the half that has two equal pieces with the figure that has three pieces. Insert a Claim and Ask if it is True Three equal pieces of the six that are on one side of the figure show half of the figure. If I move the three pieces to different places in the whole, is half of the figure still shaded? Challenge You said two pieces are needed to create halves. How can this be half; it has three pieces? A Counter-Example If this figure shows halves (a figure showing three sixths), tell me about this figure (a figure showing three sixths but the sixths are not equal pieces). 39

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH An Example: Accountable Talk Discussion The Focus Essential Understanding The Results of the Expressions b – a and a – b are Opposite Values The results of the expressions b – a and a – b are opposite values because they represent the difference between the same two points; their absolute values must be the same. Group A Group B I have a quick rule: if I know a – b, then I can calculate b – a by just changing the sign. Does my rule work all of the time? (Hook) Who understood what Group A said about the difference between b – a and a – b using the number line? (Community) Can you say back what he said about where the difference will be on the number line with respect to the location of the first value? (Community) Who can tell us why this is true no matter what the sign of the first value is? (Knowledge) So, Group B’s work supports my rule and shows that the results will be the opposite. (Marking) Does Group A’s work support my rule as well? Why or why not? (Rigor) 40

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Revisiting Your Accountable Talk Prompts with an Eye Toward Problematizing Revisit your Accountable Talk prompts. Have you problematized the mathematics so as to draw students’ attention to the mathematical goal of the lesson? If you have already problematized the work, then underline the prompt in red. If you have not problematized the lesson, do so now. Write your problematizing prompt in red at the bottom and indicate where you would insert it in the set of prompts. We will be doing a Gallery Walk after we role play. 41

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Role-Play Our Accountable Talk Discussion You will have 15 minutes to role-play the discussion of one essential understanding. Identify one observer in the group. The observer will keep track of the discussion moves used in the lesson. The teacher will engage you in a discussion. (Note: You are well-behaved students.) The goals for the lesson are:  to engage all students in the group in developing an understanding of the EU; and  to gather evidence of student understanding based on what the student shares during the discussion. 42

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Reflecting on the Role-Play: The Accountable Talk Discussion The observer has 2 minutes to share observations related to the lessons. The observations should be shared as “noticings.” Others in the group have 1 minute to share their “noticings.” 43

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Reflecting on the Role-Play: The Accountable Talk Discussion (Whole Group Discussion) Now that you have engaged in role-playing, what are you now thinking about regarding Accountable Talk discussions? 44

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Zooming In on Problematizing (Whole Group Discussion) Do a Gallery Walk. Read each others’ problematizing “hook.” What do you notice about the use of hooks? What role do “hooks” play in the lesson? 45

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Step Back and Application to Our Work What have you learned today that you will apply when planning or teaching in your classroom? 46

© 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Summary of Our Planning Process Participants: identify goals for instruction; –Align Content Standards and Mathematical Practice Standards with a task. –Select essential understandings that relate to the Content Standards and Mathematical Practice Standards. prepare for the Share, Discuss, and Analyze Phase of the lesson. –Analyze and select student work that can be used to discuss essential understandings of mathematics. –Learn methods of problematizing the mathematics in the lesson. 47