More on Input Output Input Stream : A sequence of characters from an input device (like the keyboard) to the computer (the program running). Output Stream : A sequence of characters from the computer (the program running) to an output device (like the monitor). Standard Input Device: a reference to the keyboard. Standard Output Device: A reference to the monitor. 1

More on Input Output The #include statements are also called headers The header #include includes the standard streams to the standard output and standard input devices as long as we have the statement: namespace std; or the alternative –std::cout; –std::cin; 2

More on Input Output The symbol >> stands for extraction operator. –It is a binary operator –The left operand is a stream and the right operand is a memory location. –i.e double payRate; cin>>payRate; The computer inputs the number typed on keyboard and stores it in memory location identified as payRate. 3

Selection (if-then-else) Programming Has 3 Types of Control: Sequential (normal): Control of Execution Proceeds One after the Other Selection (if-then-else): Control Proceeds Dependent on Conditions Iteration (looping): Control Repeated until Condition Met 4

C++ if Statement Syntax Syntax if ( condition ) statement ; If Condition Is True, Statement Is Executed If Condition Is False, Statement Is Not Executed If Multiple Actions Are Required for Statement, a Compound Statement Must Be Used: if ( condition ) { statement ; } 5

Conditional Operators Relational Operators:, >=, <= Equality Operators: ==, != 6

Selection Examples if (age < 30) cout << “You are very very Young” << endl; if (grade == ‘A’) cout << “Congratulations!” << endl; if (grade != ‘F’) cout << “You passed!” << endl; 7

else Statement Syntax: if ( condition ) { statement(s) ; //condition true } else { statement(s) ; //condition false } 8

if-else Example if (myGrade >= 60) { cout << “You passed!” << endl; } else { cout << “How about them Cubs?” << endl; } 9

Compound Statements Compound Statement: One or More Statements within a Set of Curly Braces Must Use Compound Statement if More than One Statement Is Supposed to be under Control of if or else Conditional Include Curly Braces after if so if other Statements Are Added in Future, Curly Braces Are Already There 10

Nested if Statements if (myGrade >= 80) if (myGrade >= 90) cout << “You have an A!” << endl; else cout << “You have a B!” << endl; else cout << “We’ll give you a C.” << endl; 11

if / else (Cascaded) Sequence of if / else Statements Example: if (myGrade > 90) cout << “A!” << endl; else if (myGrade > 80) cout << “B!” << endl; else if (myGrade > 70) cout << “C!” << endl; else cout << “Oh-oh!” << endl; 12

Boolean Type A Boolean Value Is One of Either “True” or “False” In C++, Type bool Example: bool done = false;... if (currentLetter == ‘Z’) done = true; else done = false; … if (done) return(0);... 13

Boolean Type if / else Conditionals Must Evaluate to True or False, and Are Therefore Called Boolean Expressions In C++, Any Non-Zero Value Is Considered True; Any Expression Evaluating to Zero Is Considered False 14

Logical Operators A Logical Operator Is One Used to Further Specify True or False in an Expression Connects Two or More Expressions Together && Is Logical “AND” || Is Logical ‘OR” &&: Both Operands Must Be True for Entire Expression to Be True ||: Only One (or Both) of the Operands Must Be True for Entire Expression to Be True 15

Logical Operators if (numStudents > MIN && numStudents < MAX) classRun = true; if (numStudents > MAX || numInstructors == 0) classRun = false; 16

Operator Precedence () ! (not) *, /, % +, -, >= (Relational Operators) ==, != (Equality Operators) && (Logical AND) || (Logical OR) = (ASSIGNMENT) 17

Order of Operations Precedence: Level of Importance of Operations Multiplicative Operators Have Higher Precedence than Additive Operators: *, /, % Higher +, - Lower Associativity: Order of Operation for Equal Level Precedence Most Operators Have Left-to-Right Associativity Use Parentheses to Force Differing Precedence of Operations 18

Multiple Logical Operators if ( num1 > MAX || num2 == 0 && num3 == 0) cout << “num1 is MAX or something is 0”; cout << “I think…..” << endl; 19

Switch Statements Also Called Switch/Case Statement Just Case in Other Languages Selects Among Several Different Actions Can Only Select from Integer or Character If an Integer Value Is Matched, Statements under Control of that Case Block Are Executed 20

Switch/Case Example int numPassengers; cout << “Enter Passengers: “; cin >> numPassengers; switch(numPassengers) { case 2: rate = BASERATE * 0.80; break; case 4: rate = BASERATE * 0.75; break; case 5: rate = BASERATE * 0.55; break; default: rate = BASERATE; break; } 21

Switch Case Example char menuItem; cout << "Enter Menu Selection: "; cin >> menuItem; switch(menuItem) { case 'O': /* code to do ordering goes here*/ break; case 'C': /* code to do checkout goes here*/ break; default: cout << “Unknown option” << endl; break; } 22

Announcements Exam 1 Tuesday July minutes 10 % of Total Grade Covers Everything through Lectures 03 and o4 –All Terms (Underlined Items) –Variable Declaration, Initialization, and Assignment –Constant Declaration –Expressions –Operators –Input (cin) and Output (cout) –if/else and else if selections –Logical Operators –Switch 23