Looking Through The Mirror: Parity Violation in the Future M.J. Ramsey-Musolf + many students, post- docs, collaborators, and colleagues

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History What are the fundamental symmetries that have governed the microphysics of the evolving universe? Parity as a (broken) symmetry Parity violation as a probe of other symmetries

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ?

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ? Parity the Standard Model Observations of PV in  -decay, electron scattering, and atoms taught us about SU(2) L x U(1) Y symmetry and its breaking

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ? Parity: Standard Model & Beyond Observations of PV in  -decay, electron scattering, atoms, e + e - annihilation are providing insights about the SU(3) C sector of the SM & the “new” SM

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ? SM “unfinished business”: What is the internal landscape of the proton? Sea quarks and gluons

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ? SM “unfinished business”: How do weak interactions of hadrons reflect the weak qq force ? Are QCD symmetries (chiral, large N C,…) applicable? Is there a long range weak NN interaction?

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ? Puzzles the Standard Model can’t solve 1.Origin of matter 2.Unification & gravity 3.Weak scale stability 4.Neutrinos What are the symmetries (forces) of the early universe beyond those of the SM?

Fundamental Symmetries & Cosmic History What are the fundamental symmetries that have governed the microphysics of the evolving universe? Parity violation as a probe of the proton’s internal structure (sea quarks, twist) Parity violation as probe of the hadronic weak interaction Parity violation as a probe of additional symmetries of the early universe

Internal “landscape” of the proton How does QCD package and distribute quarks and gluons inside the proton? Q P,  P Constituent quarks (QM)Current quarks (QCD ) F P 2 (x)

We can uncover the sea with PV Light QCD quarks: um u ~ 5 MeV dm d ~ 10 MeV sm s ~ 150 MeV Heavy QCD quarks: cm c ~ 1500 MeV bm b ~ 4500 MeV tm t ~ 175,000 MeV m s ~  QCD : No clear scale suppression, not necessarily negligible; pure sea Suppressed by  QCD /m q ) 4 < (vector channel)

Probing the sea with PV ep scattering Neutral Weak Form Factors G P = Q u G u + Q d G d + Q s G s  G n = Q u G d + Q d G u + Q s G s , isospin G P W = Q u W G u + Q d W G d + Q s W G s Z 0 SAMPLE (MIT-Bates), HAPPEX (JLab), PVA4 (Mainz), G0 (JLab) G u, G d, G s Kaplan and Manohar McKeown

Neutral Weak Magnetism & Electricity Probing the sea with PV ep scattering

Preliminary Probing the sea with PV ep scattering World Data 4/24/06 G M s = / G E s = / ~3% +/- 2.3% of proton magnetic moment ~20% +/- 15% of isoscalar magnetic moment ~0.2 +/- 0.5% of Electric distribution Courtesy of Kent Pashke (U Mass) Consistent with s-quark contributions to m P & J P but smaller than early theoretical expectations

Probing Higher Twist with PV Sacco, R-M preliminary Looking beyond the parton descriptionPV Deep Ineslastic eD (J Lab 12 GeV) ~0.4% E=11 GeV  = Different PDF fits

Weak Interactions of Hadrons: Strange? M1 (PC) Th’y Exp’t Breaking of SU(3) sym E1 (PV) Are weak interactions of s-quarks a “un-natural” ? Or are their deeper puzzles with the HWI involving all light flavors ?

Weak Interactions of S=0 Hadrons: Strange? Use parity-violation to filter out EM & strong interactions Meson-exchange model Seven PV meson- nucleon couplings Desplanques, Donoghue, &Holstein (DDH)

Is the weak NN force short range ? T=1 force T=0 force Long range:  -exchange? Analog 2-body matrix elements Model independent h   ~0 Boulder, atomic PV Anapole moment h   ~ 10 g 

Is the weak NN force short range ? T=1 force T=0 force Problem with expt’s Problem with nuc th’y Problem with model No problem (1  ) EFT

Hadronic PV: Effective Field Theory PV Potential Long RangeShort RangeMedium Range O (p -1 ) O (p)

Hadronic PV: Few-Body Systems  Pionless theory Done NIST,SNS LANSCE, SNSHARD**HIGS Ab initio few-body calcs

Hadronic PV: Few-Body Systems Attempt to understand the i, h  etc. from QCD Attempt to understand nuclear PV observables systematically Are the PV LEC’s “natural” from QCD standpoint? Does EFT power counting work in nuclei ? Complete determination of PV NN &  NN interactions through O (p) Implications for 0  -decay

Hadronic PV &  - decay How do we compute & separate heavy particle exchange effects? Light M : 0  -decay rate may yield scale of m

Hadronic PV &  - decay 4 quark operator, as in hadronic PV How do we compute & separate heavy particle exchange effects?

Hadronic PV as a probe O ( p -1 ) O ( p ) Determine V PV through O (p) from PV low-energy few-body studies where power counting works Re-analyze nuclear PV observables using this V PV If successful, we would have some indication that operator power counting works in nuclei Apply to  -decay

PV Correlations in Muon Decay & m 3/4 0 3/4 1 TWIST (TRIUMF)

PV Correlations in Muon Decay & m Model Independent Analysis constrained by m Model Dependent Analysis First row CKM 2005 Global fit: Gagliardi et al. Prezeau, Kurylov 05 Erwin, Kile, Peng, R-M 06 m MPs Also  -decay, Higgs production

PV as a Probe of New Symmetries Beyond the SMSM symmetry (broken) Electroweak symmetry breaking: Higgs ? Unseen Forces: Supersymmetry ? 1.Unification & gravity 2.Weak scale stability 3.Origin of matter 4.Neutrinos

Weak decays & new physics   -decay New physics SUSY Flavor-blind SUSY- breaking CKM, (g-2)   M W, M t,… Kurylov, R-M RPV 12k  1j1 No long-lived LSP or SUSY DM MWMW R Parity Violation CKM Unitarity APV  l2 Kurylov, R-M, Su CKM unitarity ?

Weak decays & PV   -decay Liquid N 2 Be reflector Solid D 2 77 K poly Tungsten Target 58 Ni coated stainless guide UCN Detector Flapper valve LHe Ultra cold neutrons LANSCE: UCN “A” NIST, ILL:  n Future SNS:  n, a,b,A,… Future LANSCE:  n Lifetime & correlations

Weak decays & PV SUSY Correlations Non (V-A) x (V-A) interactions: m e /E  -decay at “RIAcino”?

“Weak Charge” ~ -N +Z(1- 4 sin 2  W ) ~ 0.1 for e -, p Probing SUSY with PV eN Interactions

Weak Mixing Angle: Scale Dependence sin 2  W  (GeV) e + e - LEP, SLD Atomic PV N deep inelastic Czarnecki, Marciano Erler, Kurylov, MR-M SLAC E158 (ee) JLab Q-Weak (ep)

Probing SUSY with PV eN Interactions SUSY loops   -> e  + e   SUSY dark matter Kurylov, Su, MR-M is Majorana RPV 95% CL fit to weak decays, M W, etc. 12k

sin 2  W  (GeV) e + e - LEP, SLD Atomic PV N deep inelastic Additional PV electron scattering ideas Czarnecki, Marciano Erler et al. Linear Collider e - e - SLAC E158 (ee) JLab Q-Weak (ep) DIS-Parity, JLab Moller, JLab

Probing SUSY with PV eN Interactions  SUSY dark matter Kurylov, R-M, Su SUSY loops RPV 95% CL E158 &Q- Weak JLab Moller Linear collider “DIS Parity”

Looking through the Mirror: The violation of parity invariance in low energy weak interactions has provided key information about the structure of the Standard Model PV is now a powerful tool for probing other aspects of the symmetries of the Standard Model and beyond We can look forward to a rich array of PV studies in nuclear, particle, and atomic physics in the next quarter century The mirror will undoubtedly appear quite different when PV reaches 75