1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Emerging & Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Part 3: Pandemic characteristic School of Health ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences.

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1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Emerging & Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Part 3: Pandemic characteristic School of Health ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences By: Hatami H. MD. MPH

2 فازهاي مختلف پاندمي

3 Declared globally by the World Health Organization Declared nationally by the Department of Health and Human Services Interpandemic Pandemic Alert Pandemic Phase I Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 Phases of a Pandemic World Health Organization PreparednessResponse جايگاه فعلي پاندمي دوره ها = Periods مراحل = Phases

4 Phase 1: No infections in humans are being caused by viruses circulating in animals. Phase 1 –Phase 1 – No new virus subtypes in humans

5 Phase 2: Animal flu virus causes infection in humans, and is a potential pandemic threat. Phase 2 – Animal subtype poses a risk of human diseasePhase 2 – Animal subtype poses a risk of human disease

6 Phase 3: Flu causes sporadic cases in people, but no significant human- to-human transmission. Phase 3 – Human infection, no human to human spreadPhase 3 – Human infection, no human to human spread

7 Phase 4: Human-to-human transmission and community-level outbreaks. Phase 4 – Small localized clusters of human to human spread

8 Phase 5: Human-to-human transmission in at least two countries. Strong signal pandemic imminent. Phase 5 – Larger clusters, still localized, virus adapting to humans

9 Phase 6: Virus spreads to another country in a different region. Global pandemic under way. Phase 6 – Increased and sustained transmission in the general population. Waves of 8-12 weeks

10 Post-peak: Pandemic activity appears to be decreasing though second wave possible. Post-pandemic: activity returns to normal, seasonal flu levels.

11 اثرات مخرب پاندمي تاثير بر كليه جوانب و شئون زندگي اجتماعي

12 Medical care Hospitals Nursing homes Day care Transportation Communications Schools Banks Stores Restaurants Utilities Police Fire and EMS Agriculture اثرات مخرب پاندمي

13 اثرات مخرب پاندمي كاهش پرسنل به ميزان تقريبي 30 % در كل سيستم مديريت چه اموري قائم به فرد مي ‌ باشد؟؟ مديريت چه اموري قائم به فرد مي ‌ باشد؟؟

14 Estimated numbers of Illness, Hospitalization, and Deaths Moderate and Severe Pandemic Scenarios - US and King County تخمين ميزان مرتاليتي و مربيديتي CharacteristicModerate(1957–like)Severe (1918 – like) Total Population يك ميليون و هشتصد هزار نفر Illness540,000540,000 Outpatient Care 270,000270,000 Hospitalizatio n 5,19059,400 Deaths1,25011,500

15 اثرات مخرب پاندمي  كاهش پرسنل به ميزان تقريبي 30 % در كل سيستم  كاهش توان مراكز خدمات بهداشتي ـ درماني  كاهش توان نيروهاي امدادي  كاهش نيروهاي امنيتي  محدوديت منابع و امكانات

16 اثرات مخرب پاندمي محدوديت منابع و امكانات :  اختلال در امر حمل و نقل  اختلال در امر ارتباطات  مشكل برق  مشكل آب  مشكل سوخت ...

17 گشوده شدن زندان ‌ ها  ناامني اجتماعي ... اثرات مخرب پاندمي

18 تاثير بر كليه جوانب و شئونات زندگي اجتماعي اثرات مخرب پاندمي

19 همكاري هماهنگي ارتباط

20 ساماندهي اثرات مخرب پاندمي مسئول تامين، حفظ و ارتقاء سلامتي جسمي، رواني، اجتماعي ؟؟؟؟؟

21 وزارت بهداشت معاونت سلامت محور اصلي وزارت بهداشت معاونت سلامت محور اصلي ارگان ‌ هاي دولتي نيروهاي مردمي NGO ها ستاد بحران وزارت كشور استانداري ‌ ها بسيج جامعه پزشكي

22 برنامه كلي ساماندهي 1 ـ كاهش ميزان بيماري و مرگ و مير 2 ـ به حداقل رساندن ازهم پاشيدگي اجتماعي 3 ـ به حداقل رساندن زيان ‌ هاي اجتماعي 4 ـ حفظ كيان حكومتي

23  كاهش توان مراكز خدمات بهداشتي ـ درماني  كاهش توان نيروهاي امدادي  محدوديت منابع و امكانات پيش ‌ بيني و پيشگيري

24 پيش ‌ بيني و پيشگيري محدوديت منابع و امكانات :  اختلال در امر حمل و نقل  اختلال در امر ارتباطات  مشكل برق  مشكل آب  مشكل سوخت ... نياز به اجراي مانور مشترك

25 محدوديت منابع و امكانات :  اختلال در امر حمل و نقل حمل زودرس برخي از كالاها ( دارو، غلات، مواد سوختي... ) حمل و نقل زودرس مواد اوليه، پيش ‌ بيني و پيشگيري

26 محدوديت منابع و امكانات :  اختلال در امر ارتباطات تهيه راديوهاي كوچك... پيش ‌ بيني و پيشگيري

27 محدوديت منابع و امكانات :  مشكل برق آموزش پرسنل ذخيره، تهيه يخچال ‌ هاي بدون برق در مراكز بهداشتي پيش ‌ بيني و پيشگيري نياز به اجراي مانور مشترك

28 محدوديت منابع و امكانات :  مشكل آب حفر چاه ‌ هاي اضطراري،... پيش ‌ بيني و پيشگيري

29 آمادگي پاسخ دهي به وقوع جهانگيري Antiviral drugs Vaccine, etc Medical care, PPE Medical interventional Non- Medical Interventions Personal hygiene Travel restriction Quarantine Social distancing Risk communication Security Food & water supply Power supply Transportation Telecommunication Other essential services Social Services (keep a society running)

30 Organizational Response – 3 main committees Public Health Response Medical Response Laboratory Response Risk Communication Social Response Strategies

31 آمادگي ‌ هاي فردي و خانوادگي در صورت وقوع همه گيري

32 آمادگي ‌ هاي فردي و اجتماعي به هنگام وقوع همه ‌ گيري آنفلوآنزا 1 ـ آيا در صورتي كه يكي از اعضاء خانواده دچار آنفلوآنزا شود آمادگي لازم جهت مراقبت از وي وجود دارد؟ 2 ـ در صورتي كه فرزند شما كه به كودكستان يا مدرسه ميرود بيمار شود آمادگي لازم براي مراقبت در منزل وجود دارد؟ مثلا اگر شما و همسرتان هر دو كارمند هستيد و كس ديگري با شما در يك منزل، زندگي نمي ‌ كند چگونه برنامه ‌ ريزي خواهيد كرد؟

33 آمادگي ‌ هاي فردي و اجتماعي به هنگام وقوع همه ‌ گيري آنفلوآنزا 3 ـ در صورتي كه وقوع مواردي از بيماري در مهد كودك يا مدرسه منجر به تعطيلي شده و فرزند شما مجبور باشد در منزل بماند آمادگي لازم وجود دارد؟ 4 ـ آيا در صورتي كه مسئوليت اداري، صنعتي يا اجتماعي خاصي داريد فرد يا افرادي هستند كه در غياب شما وظايف شما را انجام داده و مانع تعطيلي شوند؟ 5 ـ...

34 مايحتاج لازم در منزل در زمان اوج گيري همه ‌ گيري و تعطيلي احتمالي ادارات و مراكز 1 ـ هدف اصلي، قطع ارتباط فيزيكي با خارج منزل و يا به حداقل رساندن آن است 2 ـ هرچند ممكن است موج همه ‌ گيري به مدت 8-6 هفته به طول انجامد ولي حداقل بايد بتوانيد براي دو هفته برنامه ريزي نماييد 3 ـ روزانه حدول 4 ليتر آب به ازاي هريك از اعضاء خانواده 4 ـ مواد غذايي كنسرو شده يا خشك، به مقدار كافي

35 مايحتاج لازم در منزل در زمان اوج گيري همه ‌ گيري و تعطيلي احتمالي ادارات و مراكز 5 ـ داروهايي كه بعضي از اعضاء خانواده بايستي مصرف كنند 6 ـ داروهاي مسكن غير آسپيريني 7 ـ درجه تب ( ترمومتر ) 8 ـ وسايل و لوازم كمك ‌ هاي اوليه 9 ـ مواد شوينده خانگي 10 ـ راديو ترانزيستوري

36 مايحتاج لازم در منزل در زمان اوج گيري همه ‌ گيري و تعطيلي احتمالي ادارات و مراكز 11 ـ باطري ‌ هاي مناسب 12 ـ چراغ قوه 13 ـ ليست اسامي و شماره تماس پزشك يا پزشكاني كه اعضاء خانواده تحت نظر آنها هستند 14 ـ شماره تماسهاي اضطراري 15 ـ شماره تماس همسايگان 16 ـ...

37 REFERENCES Interim Guidance for Clinicians on Identifying and Caring for Patients with Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection, H1N1 Influenza virus, UCOP May 2009 Safety MeetingH1N1 Influenza virus, UCOP May 2009 Safety Meeting Anthony Fiore, Novel influenza A (H1N1) Epidemiology Update, CDC 2009 Evolution of the H1N1 pandemic, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 31 July Preparing for pandemic flu, MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SENIOR SERVICES, Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic, Rosemawati Ariffin, Infectious Disease Surveillance Section Disease Control Division Ministry of Health Malaysia, Michael Cooperstock, New influenza A(H1N1), University of Missouri Health Care System,

38 1) MMWR, Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children --- Southern California, March--April 2009, CDC, Internet site ) WHO, Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico, Internet site, The first Update, World Health Organization, 3) Jonathan S. Nguyen-Van-Tam, Alan W. Hampson, The epidemiology and clinical impact of pandemic influenza, Vaccine 21 (2003) 1762– June ) World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic, Dr Margaret Chan Director-General of the World Health Organization June ) Swine Flu, World Health Organization,Weekly Epidemiological Record, No. 18, 2009, 84, 149–160. 6) Spread of a Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus via Global Airline Transportation, n engl j med 361;2 nejm.org july 9, 2009, pp ) WHO, Influenza A(H1N1) - update 43, World Health Organization, Internet Site 8 ـ حاتمي، حسين : بسترهاي پژوهشي پزشكي نياكان ـ كتاب الكترونيك قانون در طب ابن سينا ـ معاونت تحقيقات و فنآوري وزارت بهداشت، سال 1387 ، صفحه %20162.pdf ساير منابع

39 9) Raphael Dolin, Influenza, in : Fauce, Braunwald, Kasper, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, Harrison’s Principles of Internal medicine, McGraw-Hill medical publishing division, New York, 17 th ed. 2008, pp ) Key Facts About Swine Influenza May 2, 2009, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Internet Site ) Kendall P. Myers W. Olsen, Gregory C. Gray, Cases of Swine Influenza in Humans: A Review of the Literature, CID, 2007:44, PP ) Shanta M. Zimmer, and Donald S. Burke, Historical Perspective — Emergence of Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses, n engl j med 361;3 nejm.org july 16, ) David M. Morens, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Anthony S. Fauci,. The Persistent Legacy of the 1918 Influenza Virus, The NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE, n engl j med 361;3 nejm.org july 16, ) WHO global influenza, preparedness plan Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Global Influenza Programme, WHO/CDS/CSR/GIP/ ) Influenza H5N1, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, No. 50, 12 DECEMBER ) Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A / (H5N1), reported to WHO, 1 July 2009.( اين گزارش در سايت مربوطه تا 21 مردادماه 1388 به قوت خود باقي بود و با گزارش جديدي جايگزين نشد ) ( 17) WHO, New influenza A (H1N1) virus: global epidemiological situation, June 2009, Weekly Epidemiological Record, No. 25, 2009, 84, 249– ) Anna R Thorner, MD, Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of swine H1N1 influenza A, July 9, 2009.Anna R Thorner, MD

40 19) Laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 as officially reported to WHO by States Parties to the International Health Regulations, Pandemic (H1N1) update 58, 6 July :00 GMT ) Fredrich G Hayden, Influenza, In: Wingarden, Smith, Bennett, Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 23 rd ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2008, pp ) John J. Treanor, Influenza Virus, In : Mandell, Douglas, Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6 th ed., 2005, pp ـ حاتمي، حسين : نوپديدي آنفلوآنزاي پرندگان A(H5N1) و مروري بر آنفلوآنزاي انساني، در كتاب نوپديدي و بازپديدي بيماريها و سلامت حرفه ‌ هاي پزشكي، جلد سوم، سال 1384 ، صفحات ) Interim Guidance for Clinicians on Identifying and Caring for Patients with Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection, May 4, :45 PM ET. 24 ـ حاتمي، حسين : اپيدميولوژي و كنترل آنفلوآنزا، در كتاب جامع بهداشت عمومي، ويراست دوم، چاپ دوم، سال 1387 ، صفحات ضميمه جلد اوّل. 25) Flowchart of Novel Influenza (A/H1N1) Diagnosis at Medical Institutes (24 May, 2009, ) General Recommendations for Clinical Management of Influenza A(H1N1) Cases, Technical Document 2, Pan American Health Organisation, Office of the Assistant Director, Health Systems and Services Area, ) Viruses resistant to Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) identified, Weekly Epidemiological Record, 17 july 2009, No. 29, 2009, 84, 289– ) Influenza A (H1N1), Latest situation in the EMRO, Last update: 7 September ـ موارد قطعي آنفلوآنزاي جديد در ايران، مركز مديريت بيماريها، سال 1388، با تشكر از برادرم جناب آقاي دكتر گويا به خاطر ارسال اين آمار تا تاريخ 26/5/1388.

41 30) Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection --- Mexico, March--May, 2009, MMWR, June 5, 2009 / 58(21); )Baby delivered prematurely from swine flu patient dies. 32) WHO recommendations on pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccines, 33) WHO, Weekly Epidemiological Record, 3 JULY 2009, 84 th YEAR / 3 JUILLET, No. 27, 2009, 84, 269– ) WHO recommendations on pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccines, Pandemic 2009 briefing note ) Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the , northern hemisphere influenza season, World Health Organization, Internet Site ـ آنفلوآنزاي خوك، در كتاب بيماريهاي قابل انتقال بين انسان و حيوان، تاليف پروفسور جيمز اچ. استيل، ترجمه پرفسور اسماعيل ذوقي، زئونوزهاي ويروسي، جلد دوم، موسسه تحقيقات واكسن و سرم ‌ سازي رازي، سال 1376 ، صفحات ( با كسب اجازه از محضر استاد ذوقي ). 37) Robert W Derlet, Influenza, eMedicine Specialties > Infectious Diseases > Viral Infections, Jun 11, eMedicine SpecialtiesInfectious DiseasesViral Infections 38) Interim Guidance on Antiviral Recommendations for Patients with Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection and Their Close Contacts, May 6, ) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, Report of the extraordinary meeting on the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic, 7 July 2009, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, No. 30, 2009, 84, 301– 308.

42 40) INTERIM CASE MANAGEMENT OF INFLUENZA A H1N1 FOR WHO AFRO May 19, ) Rapid-Test Sensitivity for Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Humans, Th e new england journal o f medicine, Copyright © 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society, n engl j med /nejmc , PP ) Laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 as officially reported to WHO by States Parties to the IHR (2005), Pandemic (H1N1) update ) Walter R. Dowdle, Influenza Pandemic Periodicity, Virus Recycling, and the Art of Risk Assessment, Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 12, No. 1, January ) Thomas R. Frieden, Tanja Popovic, …Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza With Vaccines, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009, Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report, july 31, 2009 / Vol. 58 / No. RR-8, PP ) Pregnant Women and Novel Influenza A (H1N1), Virus: Considerations for Clinicians, June 30, ) Pandemic influenza in pregnant women, Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 5, WHO, ـ حاتمي، حسين : اپيدميولوژي و كنترل بيماريهاي مرتبط با بيوتروريسم، دانشگاه علوم پزشكي كرمانشاه و معاونت سلامت وزارت بهداشت، انتشارات صدا، سال 1382 ، صفحات ـ حاتمي، حسين، كاربردهاي باليني اپيدميولوژي در طب رايج و پزشكي نياكان، سال 1388 ، سايت اينترنتي وزارت بهداشت؛