1a. How many years have you been playing tennis on a regular basis? Number of years: __________ b. What is your level of play? Novice Advanced Lower Intermediate Expert Upper Intermediate Teaching Pro c. In the last 12 months, has your level of play improved, remained the same or decreased? Improved Decreased Remained the same

2a. Do you belong to a club with tennis facilities?Yes No b. How many people in your household - including yourself - play tennis? Number who play tennis ___________ 3a. Why do you play tennis? (Please “X” all that apply.) To have fun To stay fit To be with friends To improve my game...-4 To compete To win b. In the past 12 months, have you purchased any tennis instructional books or video tapes?Yes No

Data Entry The process of transforming data from the research project to computers. Optical scanning systems –Marked-sensed questionnaires

Recode Recoding is the process of using a computer to convert original cods used for raw data to codes that are more suitable for analysis. Var1 = 8 - Var1

Error Checking and Verification Data cleaning

To get an overview of the data analysis procedure. The Data Analysis Procedure Five Step Procedure for Data Analysis: Step One: Validation and editing (quality control) Step Two: Coding Step Three: Data Entry Step Four: Machine Cleaning of Data Step Five: Tabulation and Statistical Analysis

Validation The process of ascertaining that interviews actually were conducted as specified. Editing Checking for interviewer mistakes 1. Did the interviewer ask or record answers for certain questions? 2. Questionnaires are checked to make sure Skip patterns are followed. 3. Responses to open-ended responses are checked. To understand the importance and nature of quality control checks. Validation and Editing

Coding Defined Grouping and assigning numeric codes to the responses The Coding Process 1. Listing responses 2. Consolidating responses 3. Setting codes 4. Entering codes To understand the data-entry process and data-entry alternatives. Coding

Intelligent Data Entry The checking of information being entered for internal logic by either that data entry device or another device connected to it. The Data Entry Process The mechanics of the process. The validated, edited, and coded questionnaires are given to a data entry operator. The process of going directly from the questionnaire to the data entry device and storage medium is more accurate and efficient. Data Entry To understand the data-entry process and data-entry alternatives.

Optical Scanning A data processing device that can “read”response questionnaires Optical Scanning To understand the data-entry process and data-entry alternatives. Machine Cleaning of Data A final computerized error check of data. Marginal Report A computer-generated table of the frequencies of the responses to each question to monitor entry of valid codes and correct use of skip patterns.

Who Conducts Fieldwork? FIELD-WORKERS FIELD INTERVIEWING SERVICE IN-HOUSEINTERVIEWERS BRIEFING SESSIONSBRIEFING SESSIONS

In-House Training MAKING INITIAL CONTACT PROBING RECORDINGRESPONSES ASKINGQUESTIONS TERMINATINGINTERVIEWS

Making Initial Contact and Securing the Interview “Good afternoon, my name is…” Foot-in-the-door Door-in-the-face

Asking the Questions Exactly as worded Read slowly Questions in the proper order Ask every question Repeat questions that are not understood

Probing Verbal attempts made by a field-worker when the respondent must be motivated to communicate his or her answers more fully Probes enlarge and clarify

SILENTPROBE REPEAT REPLY NEUTRALQUESTION REPEAT QUESTION Probing Tactics

Recording the Response

Terminating the Interview How to close interview and exit household is important Reinterviewing may be required

Fieldwork Management Select Train Supervise Control

Interviewer Cheating Filling in fake answers or falsifying interviews Verification by reinterview