5.3 Applications of Exponential Functions Objective: Create and use exponential models for a variety of exponential growth and decay application problems

Compound Interest When interest is paid on a balance that includes interest accumulated from the previous time periods it is called compound interest. Example 1: If you invest $9000 at 4% interest, compounded annually, how much is in the account at the end of 5 years?

Example 1: Solution After one year, the account balance is 9000 + .04(9000) Principal + Interest 9000(1+0.04) Factor out 9000 9000(1.04) Simplify (104% of Principal) $9360 Evaluate Note: The account balance changed by a factor of 1.04. If this amount is left in the account, that balance will change by a factor of 1.04 after the second year. 9360(1.04) OR… 9000(1.04)(1.04)= 9000(1.04)2

Example 1: Solution Continuing with this pattern shows that the account balance at the end of t years can be modeled by the function B(t)=9000(1.04)t. Therefore, after 5 years, an investment of $9000 at 4% interest will be: B(5)=9000(1.04)5=$10,949.88

Compound Interest Formula If P dollars is invested at interest rate r (expressed as a decimal) per time period t, compounded n times per period, then A is the amount after t periods. **NOTE: You are expected to know this formula!**

Example 2: Different Compounding Periods Determine the amount that a $5000 investment over ten years at an annual interest rate of 4.8% is worth for each compounding period. NOTE: Interest rate per period and the number of periods may be changing! A. annually B. quarterly C. monthly D. daily

Example 2: Solution Determine the amount that a $5000 investment over ten years at an annual interest rate of 4.8% is worth for each compounding period. A. annually  A = 5000(1+.048)10=$7990.66 B. quarterly  A = 5000(1+.048/4)10(4)=$8057.32 C. monthly  A = 5000(1+.048/12)10(12)=$8072.64 D. daily  A = 5000(1+.048/365)10(365)=$8080.12

Example 3: Solving for the Time Period If $7000 is invested at 5% annual interest, compounded monthly, when will the investment be worth $8500?

Example 3: Solution If $7000 is invested at 5% annual interest, compounded monthly, when will the investment be worth $8500? 8500=7000(1+.05/12)t Graphing each side of the equation allows us to use the Intersection Method to determine when they are equal. After about 47 months, or 3.9 years, the investment will be worth $8500.

Continuous Compounding and the Number e As the previous examples have shown, the more often interest is compounded, the larger the final amount will be. However, there is a limit that is reached. Consider the following example: Example 4: Suppose you invest $1 for one year at 100% annual interest, compounded n times per year. Find the maximum value of the investment in one year.

Continuous Compounding and the Number e The annual interest rate is 1, so the interest rate period is 1/n, and the number of periods is n. A = (1+1/n)n Now observe what happens to the final amount as n grows larger and larger…

Continuous Compounding and the Number e Compounding Period n (1+1/n)n Annually 1 Semiannually 2 Quarterly 4 Monthly 12 Daily 365 Hourly 8760 Every Minute 525,600 Every Second 31,536,000

Continuous Compounding and the Number e Compounding Period n (1+1/n)n Annually 1 =2 Semiannually 2 =2.25 Quarterly 4 ≈2.4414 Monthly 12 ≈2.6130 Daily 365 ≈2.71457 Hourly 8760 ≈2.718127 Every Minute 525,600 ≈2.7182792 Every Second 31,536,000 ≈2.7182825 The maximum amount of the $1 investment after one year is approximately $2.72, no matter how large n is.

Continuous Compounding and the Number e When the number of compounding periods increases without bound, the process is called continuous compounding. (This suggests that n, the compounding period, approaches infinity.) Note that the last entry in the preceding table is the same as the number e to five decimal places. This example is the case where P=1, r=100%, and t=1. A similar result occurs in the general case and leads to the following formula: A=Pert **NOTE: You are expected to know this formula!**

Example 5: Continuous Compounding If you invest $3500 at 3% annual interest compounded continuously, how much is in the account at the end of 4 years?

Example 5: Solution If you invest $3500 at 3% annual interest compounded continuously, how much is in the account at the end of 4 years? A=3500e(.03)(4)=$3946.24

Exponential Growth and Decay Exponential growth or decay can be described by a function of the form f(x)=Pax where f(x) is the quantity at time x, P is the initial quantity, and a is the factor by which the quantity changes (grows or decays) when x increases by 1. If the quantity f(x) is changing at a rate r per time period, then a=1+r or a=1-r (depending on the type of change) and f(x)=Pax can be written as f(x)=P(1+r) x or f(x)=P(1-r) x **NOTE: You are expected to know this formula!**

Example 6: Population Growth The population of Tokyo, Japan, in the year 2000 was about 26.4 million and is projected to increase at a rate of approximately 0.19% per year. Write the function that gives the population of Tokyo in year x, where x=0 corresponds to 2000.

Example 6: Solution The population of Tokyo, Japan, in the year 2000 was about 26.4 million and is projected to increase at a rate of approximately 0.19% per year. Write the function that gives the population of Tokyo in year x, where x=0 corresponds to 2000. f(x)=26.4(1.0019)x

Example 7: Population Growth A newly formed lake is stocked with 900 fish. After 6 months, biologists estimate there are 1710 fish in the lake. Assuming the fish population grows exponentially, how many fish will there be after 24 months?

Example 7: Solution Using the formula f(x)=Pax, we have f(x)=900ax, which leaves us to determine a. Use the other given data about the population growth to determine a. In 6 months, there were 1710 fish: f(6)=1710  1710= 900a6  a=1.91/6 f(x)=900(1.91/6)x f(24)= 900(1.91/6)24 = 11,728.89 There will be about 11,729 fish in the lake after 24 months.

Example 8: Chlorine Evaporation Each day, 15% of the chlorine in a swimming pool evaporates. After how many days will 60% of the chlorine have evaporated?

Example 8: Solution Since 15% of the chlorine evaporates each day, there is 85% remaining. This is the rate, or a value. f(x)=(1-0.15)x=0.85x We want to know when 60% has evaporated; or, when the evaporation has left 40%. f(x)=0.85x 0.40=0.85x

Example 8: Solution Solve for x by finding the point of intersection. x ≈ 5.638; After about 6 days, 60% of the chlorine has evaporated