1 INFORMATION IN DIGITAL DEVICES

2 Digital Devices Most computers today are composed of digital devices. –Process electrical signals. –Can only have two states. –States are: A high level of voltage: 5V DC A low level of voltage: 0V DC

3 Digital Devices PCs are digital electronic systems. PCs process data in digital format. What a Digital Computer Understands: –Computer is a digital electronic device, so it recognizes high voltage levels (1, or 5V DC), and low voltage levels (0, or 0V DC).

4 BINARY LANGUAGE AND LOGIC Logic values used in computer corresponds to binary, Base-2 number system. –Uses two values, 0 and 1. Binary digit is referred to as a bit. Representing information using bits: –Very little can be conveyed by a single bit. True or false can be conveyed.

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6 To represent more than one person’s presence or absence, need more bits: i.e., 100 bits for 100 people. Or a group of bits used together could represent 100 people (2 7 = 128), plus one bit to represent state (present or absent). Joe’s number is 4 or If Joe is present, the representative number is If Joe is absent the number is

7 Two bits can represent 2 2 = 4 different combinations. Any number, letter, or symbol can be described by organizing a group of related bits into coded bit patterns called words. A bit is a basic unit of information. A nibble is a group of 4 bits and can represent 16 things. A byte is a group of 8 bits and can represent 256 things.

8 Three types of computer words exist: –Binary data words- numeric –Coded data words- alphanumeric (text and numbers) –Instruction words- programs Data: Raw, unprocessed facts. –Such as pay rate and hours worked. After the data is processed it becomes information. –Such as total wages.

9 To process data into information it must be transformed from the human understandable form to machine understandable form (digital). –Known as character encoding. Characters are turned into a series of 1s and 0s. –Can be encoded according to a variety of standards: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - uses 7 bits, used in PCs. EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) uses 8 bits, IBM mainframes. Unicode and ISO10646 uses 16 bits, Windows NT

10 Representing Numbers –Digital electronics represent any number with voltage (1) or absence of voltage (0) in an array of cables. –This two state system known as binary. –Decimal system known as decimal because 10 symbols are used To represent more than 9 more digits are used. 505 = 5x10 0 =5x1=5 0x10 1 =0x10=0 5x10 2 =5x100=500 Base-10 System

11 In binary, to represent more than 1, two or more digits are used. 101 binary= 1x2 0 =1x1=1 0x2 1 =0x2=0 1x2 2 =1x4=1 Total=5 Base-2 System

12 Word Size: –Used to describe computers because all internal devices are constructed to accommodate a given word length. –The larger the word size, the more powerful the computer because: more information can be moved at once there is a larger range of numbers and symbols recognized. –Different word sizes, most common is 8 bit (byte). 16 & 32 bit words are referred to in bytes, ie 2-byte, 4-byte.

13 Common to divide bytes into two 4-bit nibbles. Makes it easier to convert binary to hexidecimal. This would represent 9D in hexidecimal.

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15 Converting to decimal: Computer words are rarely converted to decimal unless done so by hardware.

16 Numeric Data Words: –Contain only numbers and represent a quantity in binary, hexidecimal, or binary coded decimal (BCD), or octal (base-8). Can easily convert BCD to decimal.

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18 Alphanumeric Words: –Computer must be capable of handling letters and special characters. –Done with coded binary patterns. –In ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Inter-change) characters of the alphabet, decimal numbers, special symbols, punctuation, are assigned a 7-bit pattern. –Some codes are control codes and are used to modify functions associated with other characters. Used when working with peripheral devices.

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20 ASCII code is 7 bits, but computer world is 8 bits. Some applications pad 8th bit (MSB) with 0, some applications pad 8th bit with 1 to produce extended ASCII code of 256 characters. More often the MSB is used for error checking. Error checking is done when computer sends alphanumeric data to peripherals or other computer. –Parity bit assumes certain value dependent upon the number of 1’s in character.

21 Odd Parity –The parity bit assumes a value of ‘1’ or ‘0’ so that the total number of ‘1’ bits in the character is odd. Even Parity –The parity bit assumes a value of ‘1’ or ‘0’ so that the total number of ‘1’ bits in the character is even. When the peripheral receives the byte it regenerates the parity bit and compares it with the parity bit sent. If they are the same then no error occurred. This only works for single bit errors.

22 Instruction Words: –Tells the computer what operation to perform and where to find the data on which to perform. –Instruction set (operations) varies from computer to computer. Format of words varies also. But convey same types of information.

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24 First example - contains only operation code (op code) such as HALT. Second example - contains op code and the operand (data to be worked on) address. Third example - op code followed by two pieces of data such as the address of what to work on and where to store the result. These instruction formats as in machine language, 1s and 0s.

25 Moving Words Around - most frequent operation of a computer. Information is moved in the form of words. Two modes for moving words: –Parallel: entire word is moved at once. –Serial: word is moved a bit at a time.

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