Continuous Forest Inventory for the Northwest Region Bureau of Indian Affairs Arnie Browning, Forester NWRO BIA Portland, OR. (503)

BIA Northwest Region

2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 reservations (over 1MMBF AAC, or 10,000 + acres) 2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 reservations (over 1MMBF AAC, or 10,000 + acres) 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut All Cat 1 reservations have Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also. All Cat 1 reservations have Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also.

History of CFI Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake States Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake States The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960) The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960)

East-side CFI Statistics

Steps in the CFI Process Pre-Inventory Pre-Inventory –Review previous CFI Field Manual –Revise Manual for the re-measurement –Write data entry and edit program Data collection and error checking Data collection and error checking Regression analysis, more data cleaning Regression analysis, more data cleaning Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90) Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90) Write User Manual and assist with program installation and operation Write User Manual and assist with program installation and operation Assist with inventory analysis, growth and yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC. Assist with inventory analysis, growth and yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC.

Each re- measurement starts by preparing a Field Handbook describing what data will be taken PRE- INVENTORY

Nez Perce CFI Plot Design

Changes in Sample Design –Cluster of 2 or 3 one-fifth or one-quarter acre subplots, usually on one-mile grid –1/20 th acre minor plot for height and form class –1/100 th acre minor plot for seedlings/saplings –Plot data: timber type, habitat type, slope, aspect, etc –Tree data: spc, dbh, crown ratio, height, tree history, problem/severity, age or age class, etc –Re-measure every 10 years 1980 – present 1980 – present –re-measure only one plot per cluster (each subplot was always treated as an independent sample point) –Double the grid, usually ½ mile grid (more even-aged treatments, more stratification of the data) –Add snag data, fuel transect data, 3 tree problem/severity codes per tree (usually FVS codes), new height sample

Changes in Height Sample Before 1990 Before 1990 –Measure total height on all trees 5 inches dbh and larger on 1/20 th or 1/16 th acre minor plot After 1990 After 1990 –On 1/5 acre plot, measure total height on the first tree of each species in each 5 inch dbh class, and all trees 20 in. dbh and larger.

CFI Data Entry and Edit (CFIDEER) An ACCESS database is prepared with tables of Plot Records, Tree Records, Regen Records, sometimes Fuels Records An ACCESS database is prepared with tables of Plot Records, Tree Records, Regen Records, sometimes Fuels Records –Separate tables for each measurement A version of CFIDEER is made A version of CFIDEER is made – makes files to load into Allegro Field Data Recorders. – thorough error checking routines

DATA COLLECTION AND ERROR CHECKING Field crews are trained then begin re- measuring CFI plots Field crews are trained then begin re- measuring CFI plots Plot Location Cards, aerial photos are updated as needed Plot Location Cards, aerial photos are updated as needed Plot centers are recorded with GPS units Plot centers are recorded with GPS units Quality control on at least 10 % of plots Quality control on at least 10 % of plots Download handhelds each day Download handhelds each day

Regression Analysis After data is cleaned, NWRO develops height models by species. After data is cleaned, NWRO develops height models by species. Sometimes diameter growth and form class data are also regressed Sometimes diameter growth and form class data are also regressed Analysis is done with SigmaStat and Sigma Plot software Analysis is done with SigmaStat and Sigma Plot software

Changes in Height Model 1950 – – 1987 – Ht = b 0 + b 1 DBH + b 2 (DBH) 2 – (2 nd or 3 rd degree polynomial) – poor fit outside range of data, must “cap” 1988 – – 2002 – Ht = exp (b 0 + b 1 / (DBH+1)) – Wycoff et.al,1982 – Usually stratify height sample by productivity class 2002 – present 2002 – present – Ht = b 0 (exp (-b 1 (DBH) b 2 )) – Arney, 1985

Comparison of Ht Models – FVS Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbh Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbh Slight under estimates at large diameters Slight under estimates at large diameters Almost always a reasonable model Almost always a reasonable model

FPS Height Model Usually slightly improved fit through the entire range of DBH (when compared with FVS height model) Usually slightly improved fit through the entire range of DBH (when compared with FVS height model) Still getting experience with this model (only Warm Springs and Quinault) Still getting experience with this model (only Warm Springs and Quinault)

Plot the data and the model Our experience with FPS height model is limited; one unreasonable model so far. Our experience with FPS height model is limited; one unreasonable model so far. Thanks to error- trapping in Flewelling taper code, we discovered this problem Thanks to error- trapping in Flewelling taper code, we discovered this problem

Write CFI Program A Windows Program is written by NWRO A Windows Program is written by NWRO –Uses Visual Basic 6 for the User Interface –“Number crunching” done by a FORTRAN 90 dynamic link library (dll) –CFI.EXE contains many user options to sort the data, selects a variety of output tables, select merchantability standards, etc.

Alternatives for Volume and Taper Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D Form Class = DIB17/DBH Form Class = DIB17/DBH Used in CFIs from 1950s to present Used in CFIs from 1950s to present Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots

Form Class “The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of species.” John Bell, “The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of species.” John Bell, Most of the taper is in the first log. Most of the taper is in the first log.

Behre’s Hyperbola BHT = THT BHT = THT RHT = THT - upper stem ht RHT = THT - upper stem ht L = RHT / BHT L = RHT / BHT D = L / (0.49 * L ) D = L / (0.49 * L ) DIB = DIB17 * D DIB = DIB17 * D

BIA Board Foot Volume Regression formulas were developed by regressing the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus,January 1, 1982 Regression formulas were developed by regressing the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus,January 1, 1982 BDFT /Log = (a + b(DIB) + c(DIB) 2 ) x Length

Johnson’s Cubic Foot Volume Until 1995 only Johnson’s Cubic Foot formula was used to calculate volumes Until 1995 only Johnson’s Cubic Foot formula was used to calculate volumes CUFT calculated for a “Butt” and “Upper” segments of a tree with formulas using Form Class, DBH, and DIB. CUFT calculated for a “Butt” and “Upper” segments of a tree with formulas using Form Class, DBH, and DIB.

West-side Taper Coop Completed May 2, 1994 Completed May 2, 1994 For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree data Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree data Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD copywrited. Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD copywrited.

INGY Taper Coop Distributed to INGY Members Sep Distributed to INGY Members Sep Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WP Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WP INGY participants included Flathead, NezPerce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests INGY participants included Flathead, NezPerce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests Modeled, copywrited by James Flewelling Modeled, copywrited by James Flewelling

After processing each re- measurement a User Guide is made for each CFI Program

Uses of CFI data and programs Quantify changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality Quantify changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests) Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests) Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goals Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goals Strategic Forest and Fire Management Planning Strategic Forest and Fire Management Planning

Boardfoot Stocking Trends Colville, Spokane, Warm Springs, and Yakama

Boardfoot Stocking Trends Flathead and Nez Perce

Harvest vs. Net Growth Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama

Harvest vs. Net Growth Flathead and Nez Perce

Mortality Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama

Mortality Flathead, Nez Perce, Spokane

Warm Springs Ponderosa Pine Stocking Trend

Warm Springs stocking trend, all species combined, 1972 – 1997

Warm Springs Harvest and Net Growth Trends

Changes in Annual Allowable Cut

Nez Perce 2003 CFI Tree locations were Taken by measuring Azimuth and distance to each tree Used laser range Finder and electronic Compass Added 45 minutes to Each plot

Nez Perce Plot 602 in 2003

Plt 602 SVS and ArcGIS comparison

WS – P. Pine, bitterbrush, fescue Middle Creek Logging Unit (before harvest) Middle Creek Logging Unit (before harvest) March 1979 March 1979

Warm Springs, Tenino HFR Project

WS Cache Creek Rehab, 1981

WS Snowbrush Rehab 9, 2005 Planted 1986

WS Camas Prairie Blowdown 1978

WS Camas Prairie blocks Blowdown, looking west, N. Pinhead Butte

Yakama Weaver Photos Pine Butterfly (1920) area Upper Satus Canyon

Yakama Weaver Photo Ponderosa Pine 84.5” DBH Douglas-fir 98” DBH

Yakama Pine type to Fir type

Yakama Spruce Budworm

Umatilla Mt Pine Beetle & Spruce Budworm

Flathead Unevenaged Stocking Plots

FLT Wilcox Plots 2500bf (25 sq.ft/ac.)

FLT Wilcox Plots 3500 bf (35 sq.ft./ac.)

Makah Started Second Growth Harvest 1980 WH, WRC, S. Spruce

Site quality changes with position on the slope (near Makah)

Coeur d’Alene, CFI Plot 39

CFI Plot 39, Plot Center Stake

CFI Plot 510, Kurt Mettler inspects tree tag