Terrorism defined… The calculated use of violence to instill fear, intended to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of a goal.
Goals of Terrorism Political Terrorism Religious Terrorism Ideological Terrorism Political Terrorism Religious Terrorism Ideological Terrorism
Political Terrorism Focuses on governments. Usually the terrorists disagree with a government.
Examples Examples World Trade Center & Pentagon bombings USS Cole bombing in Yemen U.S. Embassy attacks in Africa World Trade Center Bombing Bombing of U.S. Army Barracks in Beiruit, Lebanon World Trade Center & Pentagon bombings USS Cole bombing in Yemen U.S. Embassy attacks in Africa World Trade Center Bombing Bombing of U.S. Army Barracks in Beiruit, Lebanon
Religious Terrorism Groups feel that their religion is the one true religion and others are false. Focuses on attacking other religious groups or non-religious groups who they feel try to undermine theirs.
Examples Middle East: Jews vs. Palestinians (Muslims) Hostage Crisis at Munich Olympics Ireland: Catholics vs. Protestants Middle East: Jews vs. Palestinians (Muslims) Hostage Crisis at Munich Olympics Ireland: Catholics vs. Protestants
Ideological Terrorism Focuses on Beliefs, theories, and aims of a particular group. People commit terrorist acts because of their belief in a certain cause.
Examples Examples Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing Killing of Abortion Doctors Environmental Terrorism Militia Groups - unofficial groups of armed civilians Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing Killing of Abortion Doctors Environmental Terrorism Militia Groups - unofficial groups of armed civilians
Oklahoma City Bombing
Most common methods used by Terrorists Bombings Armed Attacks Assassinations Kidnappings BBombings AArmed Attacks AAssassinations KKidnappings
Why do they commit acts of terror? Rational Motivation Actions --> Desired result Psychological Motivation Belief that their view is right Need to belong Justification of their own existence To be a “martyr” Rational Motivation Actions --> Desired result Psychological Motivation Belief that their view is right Need to belong Justification of their own existence To be a “martyr” Cultural Motivation Culture feels threat to existence Deeply rooted values in place Cultural Motivation Culture feels threat to existence Deeply rooted values in place
Major Terrorist Groups Al-Qaeda: loosely knit group around world Hamas: Palestinian group opposed to Israel Hezbollah: Palestinian group opposed to Israel PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization **Each of these groups are fighting a holy war or “jihad” IRA: Irish Republican Army: Irish Catholic group whose aim is to get England out of Northern Ireland Al-Qaeda: loosely knit group around world Hamas: Palestinian group opposed to Israel Hezbollah: Palestinian group opposed to Israel PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization **Each of these groups are fighting a holy war or “jihad” IRA: Irish Republican Army: Irish Catholic group whose aim is to get England out of Northern Ireland
Al-Qaeda Hamas
Hezbollah PLO
Irish Republican Army
Terrorism in the future Higher levels of violence Increased technological capabilities More use of chemical & biological warfare Chemical - toxins (mustard gas, nerve gas, etc) Biological - anthrax, plague, small pox, ebola Ecological Terrorism I.e. blowing up dams, attacks on oil companies Higher levels of violence Increased technological capabilities More use of chemical & biological warfare Chemical - toxins (mustard gas, nerve gas, etc) Biological - anthrax, plague, small pox, ebola Ecological Terrorism I.e. blowing up dams, attacks on oil companies