Sedimentary Geology Geos 240 Camosun College Dr. Tark Hamilton Text: Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Lab: Ancient Environments & the Interpretation.

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Presentation transcript:

Sedimentary Geology Geos 240 Camosun College Dr. Tark Hamilton Text: Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Lab: Ancient Environments & the Interpretation of Geologic History, Lynn S. Fichter & David J. Poche, 3 rd ed. 2001

Sedimentary Geology Geos 240 – Introduction Chapter 1 Dr. Tark Hamilton Camosun College

SEDIMENTS = CSI EARTH!

Sedimentary Geology Geos 240: Dr. Tark Hamilton Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Introduction: Why Study Sediments? Record of Earth History: environments, orbits, climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical processes Record of Earth History: environments, orbits, climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical processes Natural Resources: Building Stone; Aggregate; Hydrocarbons: Coal, Oil, Gas; Salts: Halite, Gypsum, Nitrates; SMS: Pb-Zn, Ground Water… Natural Resources: Building Stone; Aggregate; Hydrocarbons: Coal, Oil, Gas; Salts: Halite, Gypsum, Nitrates; SMS: Pb-Zn, Ground Water…

Folded & Faulted Upper Jurassic Coal-bearing Sediments Foothills, Canadian Rockies: Canmore Alberta

Sedimentary Geology Geos 240: Dr. Tark Hamilton Sediments & Basins: Andrew D. Miall, 2006 Introduction: Where to Sediments Occur? Basins: low lying areas for tectonic or erosional causes Basins: low lying areas for tectonic or erosional causes Under Water : Seas, Lakes, Rivers Under Water : Seas, Lakes, Rivers On Land: Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains On Land: Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains From Weathering : Chemical, Mechanical From Weathering : Chemical, Mechanical FromTransport : By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass Wasting FromTransport : By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass Wasting

ISOPACH MAP Sediment Thickness in Km: 60% of Earth > 500m, 13% > 10 km Sediment Thickness in Km: 60% of Earth > 500m, 13% > 10 km

Sedimentary Basins: Mackenzie-Beaufort Western Canada (Alberta - NE BC) Williston (Sask – Man – Mont -Dakotas) Appalachain, Michigan, West Texas, Green River North Sea Baltic Deep Marine: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic …

NORTH AMERICAN SEDIMENTARY BASINS

What can various sediments reveal? Earth’s Oldest Rocks are FeCO 3 ~ 3.75 Ga from Eastern Hudson’s Bay/Ungava Peninsula (N. Dauphas, S. Mojzsis & N. Cates Oldest Rocks Show How Earth May Have Dodged Frozen Fate Of Mars, E.P.S. L.) Earth’s Oldest Rocks are FeCO 3 ~ 3.75 Ga from Eastern Hudson’s Bay/Ungava Peninsula (N. Dauphas, S. Mojzsis & N. Cates Oldest Rocks Show How Earth May Have Dodged Frozen Fate Of Mars, E.P.S. L.) Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Woodland Archeological Site (D.S. Brose The South Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs in World Archaeology, Vol p.) Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Woodland Archeological Site (D.S. Brose The South Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs in World Archaeology, Vol p.)

What can various sediments reveal? Proterozoic Orthoquartzites – Rodinia’s Super Continent Long lasting Desert Proterozoic Orthoquartzites – Rodinia’s Super Continent Long lasting Desert Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Worldwide : 1920’s – 1980’s Pb from gasoline Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Worldwide : 1920’s – 1980’s Pb from gasoline Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric Weapons Testing , more in northern hemisphere plus: metals, dioxins, pharmaceutical Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric Weapons Testing , more in northern hemisphere plus: metals, dioxins, pharmaceutical History of fluid motions in Sedimentary Basins History of fluid motions in Sedimentary Basins

CONCEPTS: Processes  Products  Sedimentolgy, Stratigraphy, Diagenesis  Environments, Groundwater Flow, Rock Properties  Weathering, Cements, Concretions

REGIONAL SETTING & FACIES ANALYSIS N Jurassic Outcrops

How do we study sediments, sedimentary rocks and sedimentary basins? Stratigraphy : Geophysics, Petrophysics, Boreholes Lithologies : Rock types, Geometries, Provenance Environments : Fossils, Sedimentary Structures, Minerals, Isotopes, Geochemistry, Fluids

Different Kinds of Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphy : composition, extent, classificatio Chronostratigraphy : dating & correlation Biostratigraphy : fossil content, assemblages Magnetostratigraphy : magnetic reversals & directions Stable Isotope Stratigraphy : 18/16 O, 13/12 C Sequence Stratigraphy : tectonics, eustasy, cycles

SEDIMENTS = CSI EARTH!