1 Advantages and risks for a child to be exposed to the triple prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding What is the best for the child ? Pr C. Courpotin MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

What is the best for the child? Not to be HIV infected If infected to be treated as soon as possible This suppose –Undetectable VL in mother during pregnancy –Access to early diagnosis (PCR) MSF Geneva June 24th 20082

3 PMTCT and triple prophylaxis Most protocols include triple therapy from 28 weeks to…. 6 months if the child is breastfed WHO AZT monotherapy from 28 w to delivery and then NVP, AZT,3TC Triple prophylaxis should be proposed starting from 28 weeks until 6 months if breast feeding MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

PMTCT and triple prophylaxis Child is exposed to ARV at two different periods through two different mechanisms –During pregnancy (transplacental transfer) –During breast feeding (through breast milk) Which prophylaxis ? AZT + 3TC + EFV Or ? MSF Geneva June 24th 20084

5 Advantages of triple prophylaxis for the child During the whole process (pregnancy + breastfeeding) : –low and efficient PMTCT +++ During breastfeeding : it allows –Respect of breastfeeding Nutritional advantages Immunological advantages –Respect of cultural practices –Decreased stigmatization for the mother MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

6 Benefits of breast feeding with triple prophylaxis Low risk of transmission : –Amata study : 1.6 % (0.6 % BF) –Mitra plus study : 5 % ( 0.9% BF) –Kisumu breast feeding study : 5.9 % (3.5% BF by 12 months) MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

7 Risks of triple prophylaxis for the child During the whole process (pregnancy + breastfeeding) : –Persistent risk of MTC transmission even if very low (< 1% on 6 months) –Risk of ART toxicity (placental and breast milk transfer) –Risk of acquired resistances and impact on future treatment in case of contamination MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

8 Is there a risk of toxicity in breastfed children with mother on ART ? Analysing 45 plasma, 35 breast milk and 42 DBS obtained from 15 infants-mothers pairs with mother receiving AZT + 3TC + NVP (Kisumu breasttfeeding study / Uganda) it appears that : In BM : –ZDV : low concentrations –3TC : concentrates in BM ( > plasma) –NVP : concentrates in BM ( > 3400 ng/ml therapeutic drug monitoring program in some children (risk of potential drug toxicity, partial HIV suppession and development of drug resistance) CROI 2008 abstract 72 M.Mirochnick et al MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

9 Is there a risk of acquired resistance in the child ? Yes through 2 mecanisms : –Transmisssion of a resistant virus –Acquired resistance due to ARV concentration in breast milk MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

Child and triple prophylaxis during pregnancy and breast feeding Balance beetween benefits and risks Low transmission vs acquired resistances No life (80 % mortality within 2 years) against life with…. MSF Geneva June 24th

Triple prophylaxis and late coming of the mother or incomplete protocols Mother’s VL should be undetectable at the time of the onset of breast feeding MSF Geneva June 24th

Should we treat the child and not the mother ? Yes, it is possible to give prophylaxis to the child But it acts in a different way : –Mother : indetectable VL –Infant : post exposure prophylaxis 12MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

13 SIMBA: ( S topping I nfection from M other-to-child from B reastfeeding in A frica) – Prophylaxie chez l’enfant Vyankandondera J et al. IAS Meeting, Paris France 2003 Enfant: NVP x 6 mois Enfant: 3TC x 6 mois Mère: AZT + ddI x 1 sem AZT +ddI début 36 s AZT +ddI AZT +ddI début 36 s Mère: AZT + ddI x 1 sem AZT +ddI Bras 1: Bras 2: Protection de l’enfant par une prophylaxie de 6 mois par 3TC vs NVP avec un allaitement maternel exclusif

MSF Geneva June 24th SIMBA“Package” résultats : 2% de transmission Intrapartum/Postnatale. Vyankandondera J et al. IAS Meeting, Paris, France 2003 Taux de transmission Naissance< 4 sem.4 sem. – 6mois 6%1 % 8 % (Pas de différence significative entre les 2 bras : 3TC vs NVP)

Which prophylaxis for the child ? Acording to WHO 2006 : –Sd-NVP and AZT for one week –If the mother receives less than four weeks of AZT before delivery, the AZT dose for the infant should be extended to four weeks If prophylaxis to protect breast feeding AZT+ 3TC + NVP 15MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

Which treatment if the child is infected ? WHO april 2008 : –All infants under 12 months of age with confirmed HIV infection should be started on antiretroviral therapy, irrespective of clinical or immunological stage. MSF Geneva June 24th

Criteria to start ART (WHO april 2008) age< 12 months 12 – 35 months 36 – 59 months 5 yo and > % CD4Treat all< 20 < 15 Absolute CD4 < 750< 350< 200 MSF Geneva June 24th

WHO april 2008 RECOMMENDATION: –For HIV infected infants with a history of exposure to single dose nevirapine or non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor containing maternal antiretroviral therapy or preventive antiretroviral regimens, a protease inhibitor-based triple antiretroviral therapy regimen should be started. –Where protease inhibitors are not available, affordable or feasible, nevirapine-based therapy should be used. MSF Geneva June 24th

MSF Geneva June 24th Recommended first line regimen in children 2 NRTI + 1 IP/r ABC + 3TC AZT + 3TCLPV/r AZT + ABC

20 Conclusion 1 PMTCT with triple therapy lower the risk of MTC transmission Formula feeding is without risk for HIV transmission but … Alternative feeding option should be proposed as triple prophylaxis protected breast feeding for 6 months MSF Geneva June 24th 2008

Conclusion 2 But for an efficient PMTCT efforts should be made on Follow up of the children (too many lost for follow up) Organization of PMTCT in term of –Human resources –monitoring (laboratory exam) –Community support MSF Geneva June 24th

22MSF Geneva June 24th 2008