Geol 110 Earth Materials Lecture: MWF 1:25- 2:15 p.m. Lab: T 9:30 – 12:15 OR Th 1:30 – 4:30 p.m Professor: Greg Druschel Office: Delehanty 321 Office Hours : WF 2:15-3:15 pm T.A.: Phoebe Judge

Class Goals Recognize major rock-forming minerals and other selected minerals in hand specimen and thin section Master use of several techniques for the identification of minerals, including the petrographic microscope and x-ray diffractometer Develop the ability to relate crystal chemistry, crystallographic alignment, and physical attributes of a mineral to guide identification and assess a mineral’s origin and history

Grading Laboratories20% Lab exam10% Mid-term exam20% Final exam20% Adopted mineral paper10% Homeworks10% Participation 10 %

Where do earth’s materials form?

Structure of the Earth

Plate Tectonics

Spreading centers

Changing landscape

Energy We will revisit the concept of energy as a waveform in many manifestations – light energy, particle energy, sound energy Waves in water are also an expression of energy, but the expression of that energy has different forms, a point surfers know well…

Earthquakes Energy stored (in faults) due to movement of plates is periodically released, generating an earthquake Energy transmitted as different types of waves through the earth – the amplitude of the largest wave is the strength Richter Scale – Logarithmic measure of wave Mercalli index – Based on observations of earthquake damage

Mercalli Intensity (at epicenter) MagnitudeWitness Observations I1 to 2Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. II2 to 3Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. III3 to 4 Noticeable indoors, especially on upperfloors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. IV4Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. May feel like heavy truck passing by. V4 to 5 Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. Small objects moved. Trees and poles may shake. VI5 to 6 Felt by everyone. Difficult to stand. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. VII6 Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. Considerable damage to poorly built structures. Some walls may fall. VIII6 to 7 Little damage in specially built structures. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. Some walls collapse. IX7 Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked noticeably. Wholesale destruction. Landslides. X7 to 8 Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. Ground badly cracked. Landslides. Wholesale destruction. XI8 Total damage. Few, if any, structures standing. Bridges destroyed. Wide cracks in ground. Waves seen on ground. XII8 or greaterTotal damage. Waves seen on ground. Objects thrown up into air.

Water 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water The interaction of water with rocks is responsible for many reactions in the crust Water is the one universal requirement for life as we know it – the range of conditions we know life to be present is constrained by the H 2 O being a liquid

Energy We will revisit the concept of energy as a waveform in many manifestations – light energy, particle energy, sound energy Waves in water are also an expression of energy, but the expression of that energy has different forms, a point surfers know well…

Waves Any wave motion through any medium (water, air, rock) does NOT involve any transfer of mass, i.e., a tsunami does not carry water particles thousands of miles Why does a wave have a physical manifestation then? Particles are affected by energy, but they are displaced, returning to their original state – water waves can displace particles up, down, sideways, and circularly  shallow waves generate circular displacement, causing breaking

Tsunamis Tsunami wave is generated by a physical displacement – earthquake WITH ground rupture, landslides, glacial ice calving, etc. Extremely high energy, but the wave in the open ocean is very small… Energy of the wave extends to the bottom of the ocean (wind-generated waves are much lower energy!)

Volcanic provinces

Mt. Pinatubo

Lava

Volcanic settings Cinder cones

Explosive eruptions

Volcanic provinces

Hot spots

Basalt flows

Plutons

Intrusions

Metamorphic settings

Orogenic settings

Ore deposits

Oil

Weathering How is massive rock broken down and transported?

Sedimentary deposition Weathering of any rock and transport of that material to lower E environment followed by lithification yields sed. rx

Depositional settings Keyed to transport of physical/ chemical components of parent material Tells 2 stories – who were the parents and how far away did it go?

Chemical deposition Formation of minerals from aqueous solution requires some change in environment for the ions to precipitate

Fossils Here parent material were organisms – usually ones that were partially composed of a durable mineral material Requires a special depositional setting –Quick burial, fine/ chemical covering, replacement reactions Also tell us approximate age of deposition

Biominerals Microorganisms may also have a significant impact on mineralogy!

A word about classification… Umbrella terms Mineral nomenclature α taxonomy of animals, plants, and microbes