USE OF DNA TECHNOLOGY: DNA PROFILING. USES OF DNA TECHNOLOGY DNA Profiling Parentage Testing Genealogy Genetic Screening Genetically Modified Organisms.

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Presentation transcript:

USE OF DNA TECHNOLOGY: DNA PROFILING

USES OF DNA TECHNOLOGY DNA Profiling Parentage Testing Genealogy Genetic Screening Genetically Modified Organisms

DNA PROFILING Method to identify an individual based upon their DNA Used in: Criminal investigations Parentage Testing

UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE Over 99.9% of our DNA is identical across all people BUT this means some is different

UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE In our different DNA: Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) DNA made up of repetitive sequences that can be found in different numbers for different people STRs: short tandem repeats (2-5nt long) LTRs: long tandem repeats

UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE

VNTRs: Are genetic… The number of repeats in any given VNTR would have been passed down from a parent

UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE VNTRs: Are very numerous in our genome Take home message: The number of repeats in each VNTR is unique amongst individuals (unless identical twins) You share roughly 50% of these repeats in common with your parents and siblings

DNA PROFILING OVERVIEW Uses PCR to amplify VNTRs and then gel electrophoresis to visualize the DNA fragments created This creates a unique DNA profile for each person

DNA PROFILING: PCR Primers are designed to “bookend” a VNTR of interest Primers need to anneal to a conserved region of DNA that is identical to each person

UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE

DNA PROFILING: PCR Primers are designed to “bookend” a VNTR of interest Primers need to anneal to a conserved region of DNA that is identical to each person PCR will therefore give different fragments lengths based on how many repeats a person has

DNA PROFILING: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS After the PCR, DNA is run on a gel to visualize the lengths of the DNA products

UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE

DNA PROFILING To accurately identify a person and reduce false positives: U.S. examines 13 separate VNTRs UK has a system with 11 VNTRs Both of these have VNTRs that are found on different chromosomes Think “Law of Independent Assortment”

DNA PROFILING Criminal Investigations: Identifying who an unknown DNA sample belongs to

DNA PROFILING Paternity Testing: Identifying who the father/parents of a child are