Unit # 4 Atomic Theory

History Greeks n Democritus ( BC) – Matter is made of atoms. - Different kinds of shapes and sizes n Aristotle ( BC) - didn’t believe of atoms. - - Matter is made of earth, fire, air, and water.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1) Elements are made up of atoms 2) Atoms of each element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different. 3) Compounds are formed when atoms combine. Each compound has a specific number and kinds of atom. 4) Chemical reactions are rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed.

Experiments to determine what an atom was n J. J. Thomson- used Cathode ray tubes

Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source +-

n Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end. Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source +-

Thomson’s Experiment n By adding an electric field

Voltage source Thomson’s Experiment n By adding an electric field, he found that the moving pieces were negative + -

Thomsom’s Model n Found the electron. n Couldn’t find positive (for a while). n Said the atom was like plum pudding. n A bunch of positive stuff, with the electrons able to be removed.

Millikan’s Experiment Oil Atomizer Oil droplets Telescope - +

Rutherford’s Experiment n Used uranium to produce alpha particles. n Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by drilling hole in lead block. n Since the mass is evenly distributed in gold atoms alpha particles should go straight through. n Used gold foil because it could be made atoms thin.

Lead block Uranium Gold Foil Florescent Screen

What he expected

Because

Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom.

What he got

How he explained it + n Atom is mostly empty n Small dense, positive piece at center. n Alpha particles are deflected by it if they get close enough.

Inside the Gold atom +

Modern View n The atom is mostly empty space. n Two regions n Nucleus- protons and neutrons. n Electron cloud- region where you might find an electron.

Chadwick 1932 n James Chadwick proves the existence of neutrons n He fired protons at Lithium nuclei, splitting them into helium nuclei and releasing energy.

Sub-atomic Particles n Z - atomic number = number of protons determines type of atom. n A - mass number = number of protons + neutrons. N= A-Z n Number of protons = number of electrons if neutral.

Symbols X A Z Na 23 11

How Atoms Differ n Atomic number = number of protons n Atomic number = number of electrons. n Number of Neutrons= mass # - Protons # n Problem: Eleme nt Atomi c # Electr ons Neutr ons N O Zn

Homework 1. How many electrons and protons are in each atom? Radon; Magnesium 2. An atom contains 66 electrons. Which element is it? 3. An atom of an element contains 14 protons. Which element is it?

Chemical Bonds n The forces that hold atoms together. n Covalent bonding - sharing electrons. n Makes molecules. n Chemical formula- the number and type of atoms in a molecule. n C 2 H carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, n Structural formula shows the connections, but not necessarily the shape.

H H HH H HCC n There are also other model that attempt to show three dimensional shape. n Ball and stick.

Ions n Atoms or groups of atoms with a charge. n Cations- positive ions - get by losing electrons(s). n Anions- negative ions - get by gaining electron(s). n Ionic bonding- held together by the opposite charges. n Ionic solids are called salts.

Polyatomic Ions n Groups of atoms that have a charge. n Yes, you have to memorize them. n List on page 65

Periodic Table

Metals n Conductors n Lose electrons n Malleable and ductile

Nonmetals n Brittle n Gain electrons n Covalent bonds

Semi-metals or Metalloids

Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Halogens

Transition metals

Noble Gases

Inner Transition Metals

Naming compounds n Two types n Ionic - metal and non metal or polyatomics. n Covalent- we will just learn the rules for 2 non-metals.

Ionic compounds n If the cation is monoatomic- Name the metal (cation) just write the name. n If the cation is polyatomic- name it. n If the anion is monoatomic- name it but change the ending to –ide. n If the anion is poly atomic- just name it n Practice.

Covalent compounds n Two words, with prefixes. n Prefixes tell you how many. n mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona, deca n First element whole name with the appropriate prefix, except mono. n Second element, -ide ending with appropriate prefix. n Practice

More Naming

Ionic compounds n If the cation is monoatomic- Name the metal (cation) just write the name. n If the cation is polyatomic- name it n If the anion is monoatomic- name it but change the ending to -ide n If the anion is poly atomic- just name it n practice

Ionic Compounds n Have to know what ions they form n off table, polyatomic, or figure it out n CaS nK2SnK2SnK2SnK2S n AlPO 4 n K 2 SO 4 n FeS n CoI 3

Ionic Compounds n Fe 2 (C 2 O 4 ) n MgO n MnO n KMnO 4 n NH 4 NO 3 n Hg 2 Cl 2 n Cr 2 O 3

Ionic Compounds n KClO 4 n NaClO 3 n YBrO 2 n Cr(ClO) 6

Naming Covalent Compounds n Two words, with prefixes n Prefixes tell you how many. n mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona, deca n First element whole name with the appropriate prefix, except mono n Second element, -ide ending with appropriate prefix n Practice

n CO 2 n CO n CCl 4 nN2O4nN2O4nN2O4nN2O4 n XeF 6 nN4O4nN4O4nN4O4nN4O4 n P 2 O 10 Naming Covalent Compounds

Writing Formulas n Two sets of rules, ionic and covalent n To decide which to use, decide what the first word is. n If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic. n If it is a non-metal use covalent.

Ionic Formulas n Charges must add up to zero. n Get charges from table, name of metal ion, or memorized from the list. n Use parenthesis to indicate multiple polyatomics.

Ionic Formulas n Sodium nitride n sodium- Na is always +1 n nitride - ide tells you it comes from the table n nitride is N -3

Ionic Formulas n Sodium nitride n sodium- Na is always +1 n Nitride - ide tells you it comes from the table n nitride is N -3 n Doesn’t add up to zero. Na +1 N -3

Ionic Formulas n Sodium nitride n sodium- Na is always +1 n nitride - ide tells you it comes from the table n nitride is N -3 n Doesn’t add up to zero n Need 3 Na Na +1 N -3 Na 3 N

Ionic Compounds n Sodium sulfite n calcium iodide n Lead (II) oxide n Lead (IV) oxide n Mercury (I) sulfide n Barium chromate n Aluminum hydrogen sulfate n Cerium (IV) nitrite

Covalent compounds n The name tells you how to write the formula n duh n Sulfur dioxide n diflourine monoxide n nitrogen trichloride n diphosphorus pentoxide

More Names and formulas

Acids n Substances that produce H + ions when dissolved in water. n All acids begin with H. n Two types of acids: n Oxyacids n Non-oxyacids

Naming acids n If the formula has oxygen in it n write the name of the anion, but change –ate to -ic acid –ite to -ous acid n Watch out for sulfuric and sulfurous n H 2 CrO 4 n HMnO 4 n HNO 2

Naming acids n If the acid doesn’t have oxygen n add the prefix hydro- n change the suffix -ide to -ic acid n HCl nH2SnH2SnH2SnH2S n HCN

Formulas for acids n Backwards from names. n If it has hydro- in the name it has no oxygen n Anion ends in -ide n No hydro, anion ends in -ate or -ite n Write anion and add enough H to balance the charges.

Formulas for acids n hydrofluoric acid n dichromic acid n carbonic acid n hydrophosphoric acid n hypofluorous acid n perchloric acid n phosphorous acid

Hydrates n Some salts trap water crystals when they form crystals. n These are hydrates. n Both the name and the formula needs to indicate how many water molecules are trapped. n In the name we add the word hydrate with a prefix that tells us how many water molecules.

Hydrates n In the formula you put a dot and then write the number of molecules. Calcium chloride dihydrate = CaCl 2  2  Calcium chloride dihydrate = CaCl 2  2  Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate = Cr(NO 3 ) 3  6H 2 O Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate = Cr(NO 3 ) 3  6H 2 O