Imaging examinations of breasts

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Presentation transcript:

Imaging examinations of breasts 乳腺的影像学检查方法 Department of radiology

Question What examinations we could use ? How to choose a proper examination for screening and diagnosis ? 希望通过本次课,大家可以了解到乳腺影像学的检查方法有哪些,以及如何选择正确的影像方法进行乳腺的筛查和诊断。

Breast cancer Higher incident rate of breast cancer for recent years Risk factors: procreation, family history, environment, hormone …… Clinic findings:mass,skin changes The survival rate based on the stage of breast cancer Screening:ductal carcinoma in situ 近几年来,乳腺癌的发病率呈递增趋势,我国虽不是乳癌的高发地区,但乳腺癌的发病率也逐年增多,近5年增长近3倍。其中北京的发病率达到万分之3.37。乳癌高发年龄分别为45岁至55岁和65岁至75岁两个年龄段。乳腺癌的病因学较为复杂,其高危因素包括生殖因素,如月经初潮年龄小于12岁、绝经年龄超过55岁、初产年龄超过35岁,乳腺癌发病率高于其他女性。此外有乳腺癌家族史的女性,其发生乳腺癌的危险性较正常人群高2至3倍。社会经济地位和教育、文化水平较高的女性乳腺癌的发病率较高。其他因素还包括高脂肪饮食、激素水平以及电离辐射等. 乳腺癌通常缺乏典型的临床症状,在晚期可触及明显肿块和局部皮肤的改变:例如菊皮样变、乳头内陷等。因此当人们发觉到异常时多已到了肿瘤的晚期。 乳腺癌成活率与乳腺癌的分期密切相关,据国外统计0期和1期肿瘤其五年生存率可达到90%以上,而3期以上的肿瘤其五年生存率仅为50%。因此乳腺癌的早期发现与治疗是减低乳腺癌死亡率的有效方法。 在欧美等国40或45岁以上的女性每年都要进行一次乳腺体检,他能够帮助更有效的检出早期乳腺癌,即原位癌。因此乳腺的普查对于减低乳癌的死亡率非常重要。

Anatomy 15-18 lobes Lobules: Terminal Ductal Lobular Units (TDLUs) 先让我们简单的复习一下乳腺的解剖。乳腺由15-18个腺叶构成,每个腺叶又有许多小叶组成,这些小叶我们又称为终末导管小叶单位。除腺体外,乳腺还含有大量脂肪和结缔组织等软组织成分。

Anatomy TDLU:1-2mm Drained by a terminal duct attached to the main duct system Most breast diseases arise in TDLU 终末导管小叶单位是乳腺的基本单位。其大小通常为1-2mm,经终末导管与输乳管相连。大多数乳腺的良恶性病变都发生在小叶的腺泡或终末导管内,因此乳腺的多数病变在早期不易被发现。

Imaging methods Mammography Ultrasound MRI 目前常用的乳腺的影像检查方法包括:钼靶X腺检查(mammography),超声检查(ultrasound),和磁共振检查(MRI)。

Mammography Projection: CC MLO Mammography采用低剂量的软线照射成像,不仅可以减少射线剂量,还可以提高对比分辨率,使微小的密度改变更易识别。照相时通常采用头尾位即CC位和侧斜位即MLO位,MLO位平行于胸大肌投照,有利于显示腋尾部的病变。从示意图上我们可以看到,mammography检查需要用压迫器压紧腺体组织,其压力达到。实际上钼靶照相是一个较为痛苦的检查过程,为什么这项痛苦的检查能够一直沿用下来哪?让我们看看它的特征吧。

Mammographic characters Calcification Mass 通常在钼靶相片上我们可以看到两个典型的征象:钙化(calcification)和肿块(mass)

Calcification Ca++ PO43- Calcium phosphat 钙化是由于肿瘤细胞坏死裂结后,释放出碱鳞酶,使磷酸钙分解释放出钙离子,并在乳腺坏死组织中沉积而形成的。因此我们在乳腺癌的坏死组织中可以看到大量钙化。

Calcification The main value : detection necrotic tissues Form: Casting type, powderish, granular type Differentiation between malignant and benign: distribution, form, density 因此钼靶片上的钙化就说明了有组织坏死的存在。通常恶性钙化的形态具有一定特征:多为管形状、粉末状、颗粒状。良、恶性钙化可以通过钙化的分布、形态和密度进行鉴别。恶性钙化大多分布不均、形态各异以断棒状、砂砾装为主,而密度较低。良性钙化的分布、形态多较为均匀一致,密度较高。钼靶照相对钙化和微钙化的敏感性和特性行均较高。敏感性可接近90%,特异性为80%左右。

Calcification 这是一例典型的颗粒状钙化。病变周围低密度的是退化的脂肪组织。

Calcification 这是其的病理切片,可以看到腺泡和终末导管扩张,其内可见肿瘤细胞和中间的坏死钙化。

Calcification 这是一例典型的砂砾样钙化。可以看到钙化的形态不一,密度也有不同。

Calcification 这是导管内的坏死组织和钙化

Mass Proliferation and invasion Stellate lesion with spicules and ill-defined borders Differentiation between malignant and benign is difficult 钼靶照片上的第二个典型征象:肿块(mass)。是有肿瘤细胞的增殖和浸润性生长形成的。恶性肿块多位星形,边缘可见毛刺,边界不规则。钼靶X线片对肿块诊断的敏感性和特性行均低于对钙化的诊断。仅有70%左右。在鉴别良恶性肿块方面也较为困难。可以通过肿块的形态和边缘进行鉴别。通常良性肿块多为圆形或卵圆形,边缘较光滑。恶性肿块形态较多样,边缘可见毛刺。

Mass 典型的恶性肿块,可见长短不一的毛刺。

Mass 病理片示肿瘤呈蟹足样生长。

Mass 巨大肿块伴长毛刺,浸润皮肤,可见乳头凹陷,局部皮肤增厚。

Mass 即使小的病变也可看到毛刺这样典型的征象。

Characteristics of mammography Sensitive to the malignant calcification even microcalcifications Differentiation between benign and malignant mass is difficult 由此可见钼靶照相对钙化的敏感性和特异型均较高,可以发现恶性的钙化,甚至微钙化。对肿块的敏感性稍差,在鉴别肿块良恶性上有一定困难。

Characteristics of Ultrasound Exam Allows significant freedom in obtaining images from almost any orientation excellent at imaging cysts and solid mass young women at high risk of the disease Guide biopsy 超声在诊断乳腺疾病上也有重要的意义。超声可以自由的从任意方向上进行成像。超声有较高的对比分辨率,对肿块检出的敏感性非常高。并可以准确的区分囊性病变与实性病变。通常认为囊性病变多为良性,实性病变根据肿块的形态可以区分其良恶性。此外超声对人体无辐射,多用于40岁以下的年轻高危人群的乳腺检查。还可用于引导穿刺活检。

上两幅图可见乳腺内低回声肿块,后方声影增强,诊断为乳腺囊肿。下两幅图可见实性边缘光滑的类圆形肿块影。经手术证实为纤维腺瘤。

实性肿物,边缘不规则,可见长毛刺。经证实为乳腺癌。

Limited of ultrasound Though ultrasound has excellent contrast resolution, it lacks the detail (spatial resolution) Operator and equipment factors unable to image microcalcifications 尽管超声对肿块诊断的敏感性和特异性都较高,但也有一定局限性。超声的空间分辨率较低,对病变的显示缺乏细节,不能检出微小的肿块和位于乳腺深方的病变。另外超声受操作者和仪器的影响较大。此外超声不能显示微小的钙化灶。

Benefits of MRI Exam Allows breast images to be taken in any plane and from any orientation highly sensitive to small abnormalities, could show multi-focal tumor Determining the extent of breast cancer, can help indicate treatment An excellent at imaging the augmented breast 核磁诊断乳腺疾病的优势在于他可以在任意方向,任意层面上进行成像.对微小病变的敏感性极高,可以发现钼靶与超升不能发现多中心型的肿瘤,并可以准确的显示肿瘤的范围,尤其是肿瘤侵犯胸大肌.从而帮助临床制定治疗方案.此外对于假乳也有很好的显示.

磁共振乳腺显示左乳外象限肿块影,侵犯胸大肌.

假体植入后的乳腺右乳内侧肿物.

Limited of MRI Exam Too expensive Couldn’t find the microcalcification 次共振的局限性在于其价格较为昂贵,并且对钙化显示不敏感.

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Intraductal carcinoma: cancer cells are confined to an intact basementmembrane Appearances: microcalcification (85%) microcalcification and mass (10%) mass or architectural distortion (5%) 原位癌是指肿瘤细胞未突破基底膜,没有侵犯周围组织.原位癌有85%表现为单纯微小钙化.肿块合并钙化约占10%.单纯肿块或结构紊乱的仅为5%.因此对于钙化诊断最敏感的钼靶照相被FDA认证为乳腺筛查的唯一影像方法.而超升和MRI则作为进一步确诊方法.

X片显示乳头深方钙化灶.放大后清晰显示沙砾样钙化.病理证实为原位癌.

Screening physical exam mammography ultrasound P+ M+ P+M- P-T+ P-Ca+ operation ultrasound Follow up Follow up biopsy Let’s have a summary. When a woman came to the hospital for mammary screening, she should have a physical exam and mammography. If both two examinations found the malignant lesion, she must go to operation. If the physician felt something but the mammogram showed nothing, remember you mustn’t let her go, an ultrasound was necessary, then according to the result of ultrasound, the patient could choose operation, 6 months follow up and biopsy. If the physician found nothing, but the X ray showed mass or calcifications possibly malignant, then the patient needed biopsy. If both two exams found normal, that’s OK, 1year follow up was enough.

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