Selective Breeding This is a form of artificial selection This is a form of artificial selection Involves choosing individuals from a population that have a certain trait and breeding those individuals Involves choosing individuals from a population that have a certain trait and breeding those individuals This is done across several generations This is done across several generations Eventually the trait is seen in all of the offspring and becomes more pronounced Eventually the trait is seen in all of the offspring and becomes more pronounced Used in farming, agriculture, and race horses Used in farming, agriculture, and race horses

Reproductive Technology used in livestock Artificial insemination (AI) – sperm from a selected animal is extracted and artificially introducing it into a female reproductive tract Sex selection through sperm sorting – sperm are collected and analysed – separated into two groups – X and Y carrying sperm – uses a fluorescent dye

Reproductive Technology used in livestock Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) stimulate a female to produce many eggs at once use AI to fertilise them within the body after 6 days the uterus is flushed to extract the embryos these are then inserted into other females to begin gestation

Cloning Cloning - creating genetically identical copies of an organism Cloning - creating genetically identical copies of an organism Two methods: Two methods: Splitting embryos Splitting embryos Creating an embryo using IVF and using a fine needle to extract embryo cells that can divide and form new identical embryos Creating an embryo using IVF and using a fine needle to extract embryo cells that can divide and form new identical embryos Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Inserting the nucleus of a somatic cell into an ovum that has had its nucleus removed Inserting the nucleus of a somatic cell into an ovum that has had its nucleus removed

Cloning

Gene Therapy

Still in development Attempts to introduce normal copies of genes into the cells of an individual with a genetic disorder Involves cloning the gene using a plasmid and then using a vector (carrier) to get it into the cells Vectors include inactivated viruses and liposomes

Gene Therapy

Gene therapy for Haemophilia

Prenatal Gene Therapy

Stem Cells When sperm fertilises an ovum it forms a zygote. When sperm fertilises an ovum it forms a zygote. The single cell grows and divides. Within 5 or 6 days there are up to 120 cells. The single cell grows and divides. Within 5 or 6 days there are up to 120 cells. They form into a ball called the blastocyst. They form into a ball called the blastocyst. Each cell is pluripotent, capable of developing into any cell type in the human body such as heart, skin or hair. Each cell is pluripotent, capable of developing into any cell type in the human body such as heart, skin or hair. Blastocyst

Stem Cells Can make every cell type in the body. They are ‘pluripotent’

A doctor takes a sample of skin cells from the patient and isolates their DNA. A donor egg cell, emptied of its own genetic contents, is injected with the DNA from the patient. The embryo is nurtured to grow and divide into a blastocyst. Some blastocyst cells are harvested and coaxed with growth factors to mature into insulin-producing cells. Millions of insulin- producing cells are injected back into the patient. The patient's diabetes is temporarily 'reversed', with no side effects. Therapeutic Cloning – to produce stem cells

Genetic Screening Genetic screening can be performed for a variety of reasons: Genetic screening can be performed for a variety of reasons: Test carrier status for a particular disorder Test carrier status for a particular disorder Test whether there is a predisposition to cancer Test whether there is a predisposition to cancer Pre-natal testing for expectant parents Pre-natal testing for expectant parents

Gel electrophoresis DNA microarrays Hybridisation Pedigree analysis

Reproductive technology Assist in overcoming infertility Assist in overcoming infertility Variety of methods: Variety of methods: In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) – sperm and ovum extracted and allowed to fuse outside of the body Embryo inserted into the uterus at the six cell stage In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) – sperm and ovum extracted and allowed to fuse outside of the body Embryo inserted into the uterus at the six cell stage Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer (GIFT) – sperm and ovum extracted and injected into the fallopian tube of the female so fertilisation happens in the body Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer (GIFT) – sperm and ovum extracted and injected into the fallopian tube of the female so fertilisation happens in the body

Reproductive technology Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection – sperm and ovum extracted and the sperm is injected directly into the ovum. Embryo inserted into the uterus at six cell stage. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection – sperm and ovum extracted and the sperm is injected directly into the ovum. Embryo inserted into the uterus at six cell stage. Preventing pregnancy (contraception) also falls under the category of reproductive technology Preventing pregnancy (contraception) also falls under the category of reproductive technology

IVF

GIFT

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Questions to complete All Quickcheck Biochallenge Page 652 Chapter Review: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9bcd, 11, 12