Agenda for Today Chapter 5 –Skip Lesson 2 Review questions Midterm Chapter 6 Review questions

Database files Each SQL Server database has at least one primary data file and one transaction log file Primary data file (.mdf) Transaction log file (.ldf) Secondary data files (.ndf)

Files and filegroups Possible layout Mydb.mdf Mylog.ldf Morespac.ndf D:\C:\E:\ Default Filegroup Myxtra Filegroup

Units of Storage The fundamental unit of data storage is Page. A page is 8 KB in size Extents are the basic unit in which space is allocated to tables and indexes An extent is made of 8 pages (64 KB) Two types of Extents –Mixed - can stored upto 8 objects –Uniform - data from one object

Indexes Indexes are used to lookup information In a database, an index allows the database program to find data in a table without scanning the entire table Automatically created on a PK field Two Types –Clustered - data is sorted in order –Nonclustered - data is not sorted –Pages 140 and 141

Stored Procedures (sp’s) A stored procedure is a group of Transact-SQL statements compiled into a single execution plan Stored procedures can use input and output parameters Executes faster than writing T-SQL as it is compiled and part of the database Typically used to enforce Business Rules Also another security mechanism

Views A view can be thought of as either a virtual table or a stored query A view can represent data from more than one table Views can be used as security mechanisms by granting permission on a view and not on the table Can be created using –CREATE VIEW name AS

System and Database Catalogs System Catalog - system tables with info on the server Database Catalog - system tables with info on each database System sp’s are used to report information on a database object System Functions Some of these objects are listed in Tables 5-1 through 5-5

Class Assignments Try the following exercises Page 137 Page 147 Page 151 Page 152 Page 155 Page 157 Take a break when done

Midterm On 2/12, no exceptions Ch lecture material 100 questions, 200 points Multiple choice 2 hours - 5:30 - 7:30 Open Book (straight curve) Closed Book (distribution curve) Your Vote - Majority Wins Sample midterm on the website

Object identifiers for DB First character: –Alphabetic or letter character or # Remaining characters: –Any Unicode standard 2.0 letters –Decimal numbers $, _, and # Not allowed for standard identifiers –Embedded spaces –Reserved words

Naming conventions Keep identifiers as short as possible. Keep object names and user names unique. When possible, use names that describe the object in a meaningful fashion. Use names that identify the object types.

Database parameters What do you need? Database name Database size and location Transaction log name Transaction log size and location Growth parameters

CREATING DATABASES Creating new databases Three options Using Create Database Wizard in Enterprise Manager using Tools - Wizards menu option Using Enterprise Manager CREATE DATABASE T-SQL Command

1. Create Database Wizard Database name and file locations continued

Database File continued

Transaction Log File

2. Enterprise Manager continued

Database File continued

Transaction Log File

General properties

CREATE DATABASE Using Query Analyzer CREATE DATABASE syntax: CREATE DATABASE database_name ON filespec [LOG ON filespec] FOR ATTACH CREATE DATABASE example: CREATE DATABASE Field ON PRIMARY FILENAME='c:\SQL Admin\C03E0301\Field.mdf') FOR ATTACH

Class Assignments Do the Exercises on Pages 168, 171 and 173 Review the results with me Take a break when done

DATABASE options User database follows the options set for model database You have different ways of reviewing and changing database options Enterprise Manager DATABASEPROPERTYEX system function ALTER DATABASE command sp_dboption system stored procedure

Enterprise Manager

ALTER DATABASE ALTER DATABASE syntax: ALTER DATABASE database_name ADD FILE filespec [TO FILEGROUP filegroup_name] | ADD LOG FILE filespec | REMOVE FILE logical_filename | ADD FILEGROUP filegroup_name | REMOVE FILEGROUP filegroup_name | MODIFY FILE filespec | MODIFY FILEGROUP filegroup_name filegroup_property |SET optionspec [WITH termination] |COLLATE collation_name

Sp_dboption syntax Supported for backward compatibility Displays or changes database options. sp_dboption should not be used on either the master or tempdb databases. Syntax is as follows sp_dboption

Sp_dboption choices ANSI null default ANSI warnings arithabort auto update statistics autoclose autoshrink concat null yields null cursor close on commit dbo use only local cursor merge publish numeric roundabort offline published read only recursive triggers select into/bulkcopy single user torn page detection trun. Log on chkpt.

Managing Database Size Automatic Growth (data and log) Auto Shrink (under options) Manually - preferred Enterprise Manager ALTER DATABASE T-SQL command

Reducing file sizes In order to shrink the data and log files, you have two options Enterprise Manager DBCC SHRINKFILE T-SQL provides DBCC statements that act as the “database consistency checker” for SQL Server Shrinks the size of the specified data file or log file for the related database.

Reducing database size In order to shrink the database, you have two options Enterprise Manager DBCC SHRINKDATABASE Shrinks the size of the data files in the specified database.

Enterprise Manager

T-SQL DBCC SHRINKDATABASE syntax: DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (database_name[, target_percentage]) [, NOTRUNCATE | TRUNCATEONLY]

Multiple Disk for Databases Many benefits –Increase Performance –Fault Tolerance –Recoverability –Easy Maintenance Two options RAID Filegroups

RAID RAID stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks RAID is a way of combining multiple disk drives into a single entity to improve performance and/or reliability. Many types of RAID, some of which are listed below

RAID Disk Striping (RAID 0) Disk Mirroring (RAID 1) Disk Striping with parity (RAID 5) Disk Striping with parity - RAID 10 (RAID 1 + RAID 0)

RAID 0 - Disk Striping - fast

RAID 1 - Disk Mirror - fault tolerance

RAID 5 - Striping with Parity - speed and fault tolerance

RAID 10 - Striping with Mirror - the works

Class Assignments Try the following exercises Page 182 Page 184 Review questions on Page 196 Next week Chapter 7 and Midterm Review