An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere. The Scope of Ecology 1. What environmental factors determine the geographic distribution of gray whales?

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Presentation transcript:

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

The Scope of Ecology 1. What environmental factors determine the geographic distribution of gray whales? 2. How do variations in their food supply affect the size of the gray whale population? Ecology – the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment ale/maps/map_annual.gif ale/maps/map_annual.gif ymigration ymigration

Hierarchy of scales that ecologists study

52.1 Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making Discovery science - describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data Experimental science – generate hypotheses, manipulate the environment, and observe the outcome Ex) Fig – Findings? Advantages over using discovery science instead?

Linking Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ecological effect vs an evolutionary effect

Ecology and Environmental Issues Science vs advocacy presentations/Saffert_NJ%20Fertilizer%20Law.pdf presentations/Saffert_NJ%20Fertilizer%20Law.pdf e.eco.silentspring/rachel-carsons-silent-spring/ e.eco.silentspring/rachel-carsons-silent-spring/

52.2 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species Where and why do species occur where they do? Biotic vs abiotic factors g g Fig 52.5

Dispersal and Distribution The movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density. Is dispersal a key factor in limiting the distribution of a species? Natural range expansions vs species transplants Fig Dispersal of the cattle egret in the Americas Potential range vs actual range ng/european-starling/ ng/european-starling/

Behavior and Habitat Selection Must be able to tolerate conditions in the habitat and be able to find the resources it needs to survive orn_borer.pdf orn_borer.pdf

Biotic Factors Does the presence of other species limit distribution? Predation, parasitism, or competition Fig Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed distribution?