“By explicitly laying the ground rules for debate and creating a psychologically safe place, [culturally relevant] teaching allows students to express themselves in a variety of forms (for example, in their conversation, in their writing, in their art). Gloria Ladson-Billings, The Dream-Keepers, p. 102

Embedding vocabulary words, (including prefixes, roots, and suffixes) into virtually every lesson Using vocabulary words in context Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA) Content and non- content vocabulary Guided reading (current issues – science and non-science) Non-content vocabulary quizzes (99 SAT words)

 From Learning and Not Learning English (p. 103) “In spite of Elisa’s struggle in the math class, the experience was very important in developing her reading and writing abilities in English. More importantly, perhaps, it allowed her to interact with English-speaking peers for the first time.