Inventory

Typical coverage of US GAAP Definition and scope Perpetual vs. periodic systems Physical goods and costs included in inventory Effects of inventory errors Cost flow assumptions Specific identification Average cost methods First-in, first-out method (FIFO) Last-in, first-out method (LIFO) (including dollar-value LIFO) Retail inventory method (RIM) Lower of cost or market Disclosures

Executive summary IFRS does not permit the LIFO method of costing inventory, unlike US GAAP. IFRS reports inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value (LCNRV).  US GAAP reports inventory at the lower of cost or market (LCM), where market is defined as a replacement cost with a floor (NRV less normal profit margin) and a ceiling (NRV). IFRS allows reversals of prior inventory write-downs to be made and recognized in income, unlike US GAAP.

Primary pronouncements US GAAP ASC 330, Inventory IFRS IAS 2, Inventories

Progress on convergence On July 15, 2014, the FASB issued an ED Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. Comments are due September 30, 2014. Inventory would be reported at LCNRV, the same as the IFRS approach. The proposed effective date is for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted.

Definition and scope US GAAP IFRS Inventory includes finished goods, work-in-progress and raw materials. Similar Inventory is recognized when the risk and rewards pass to entity. Similar

Definition and scope US GAAP Intangible assets produced for resale (e.g., software) are not included in inventory. ASC 908, Agriculture, is used to scope out agricultural products and commodities. IFRS Intangible assets produced for resale are included in inventory. IAS 41, Agriculture, is used to scope out agricultural products and commodities.

Perpetual vs. periodic systems US GAAP IFRS Both systems are allowed. Similar

Physical goods and costs included in inventory US GAAP IFRS Costs include productions costs, conversion costs and purchase costs. Similar Cost includes freight-in. Similar Interest must generally be capitalized. Similar, although certain conditions must be met.

Physical goods and costs included in inventory US GAAP No guidance is provided on storage costs. IFRS Storage costs are usually expensed.

Cost flow assumptions US GAAP IFRS Specific identification, average cost, FIFO and RIM are allowed. Similar

Cost flow assumptions US GAAP IFRS Different cost flow assumptions may be used for inventory with a similar nature and use. LIFO method is allowed: The IRS has a conformity rule that requires LIFO to be used for book purposes if it is used for tax purposes. IFRS The same cost flow assumptions must be used for inventory with a similar nature and use even if inventory is held in different geographic locations and/or by different entities. LIFO method is not allowed: This is significant to some companies because of taxation implications. If IFRS is adopted with no changes made in the current standards and the current tax laws, then companies will have to pull the LIFO reserve back into their taxable income over a four-year period.

Cost flow assumptions Analysis of companies as of 2011: Exxon had a reserve of $25.6 billion in 2011 and $21.3 billion in 2010. In 2011, this was 47% of Exxon’s operating income, 62% of its net income and 8% of its assets. Central Steel & Wire Co. had a reserve balance that was 11 times its operating income and 16 times its net income in 2011. Variable Mean Median Reserve balance (in millions) $363 $45 Net income (in millions) $893 $109 LIFO reserve/operating income 50% 17% LIFO reserve/net income 60% 27% LIFO reserve/assets 4% 2% LIFO reserve/inventory* 14% *Inventory is the LIFO inventory with the reserve added back. Analysis of companies as of 2011 using Compustat: 6,432 companies in the sample of which 4,384 companies had inventory of which 291 companies had a LIFO reserve.

Lower of cost or market US GAAP IFRS Write-downs of inventories are required in certain circumstances. Similar, but specifics vary.

Lower of cost or market US GAAP Reports at the LCM: Market is defined as replacement cost with a floor (NRV less normal profit margin) and a ceiling (NRV). NRV is defined as the estimated selling price less the estimated costs of completion and sale. Reversals of prior write-downs are not allowed. IFRS Reports at the lower of cost or net realizable value (LCNRV): NRV is defined as the estimated selling price less the estimated costs of completion and sale. Since replacement cost would typically be less than NRV, IFRS will generally result in lower write-downs than US GAAP. Reversals of prior write-downs can be made and recognized in income.

Lower of cost or market US GAAP Write-down can be done using an item-by-item, group-by-group or on a total inventory basis. IFRS Write-downs are typically done on an item-by-item basis: Group-by-group basis is allowed under certain circumstances. Since most companies in the US use an item-by-item basis, significant differences are not expected.

Lower of cost or market US GAAP Write-downs must be included as expense: ASC 420-10-S99-3, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations – Overall – SEC Materials, states that inventory write-downs should be included in cost of goods sold even when related to an exit or restructuring cost. ASC 330-10-50-2, Inventory – Overall – Disclosure, states that if “substantial and unusual losses” result from the LCM rule then the loss amount should not be included in cost of goods sold on the income statement. IFRS Write downs and reversals of write-downs must be included as expense, but a particular expense account is not specified.

Inventory write-down example Example 1 – inventory write-down Part 1: On December 31, 2012, Jets International had an inventory of five different types of airplane parts. Given the current fuel costs, airplane parts are not as valuable as they once were. The chart on the next slide provides the cost basis, net realizable value, replacement cost and net realizable value less normal profit margin as of December 31, 2012. What is the amount of write-down (if any) required using US GAAP on both a total and item-by-item basis? Please provide the necessary journal entry. What is the amount of write-down (if any) required using IFRS on both a total and item-by-item basis? Please provide the necessary journal entries.

Inventory write-down example Part 1 (continued): Cost NRV RC NRV-NPM Part 1 $ 10,000 $ 20,000 $ 15,000 $ 12,000 Part 2 $ 19,000 $ 18,000 $ 17,000 Part 3 $ 5,000 $ 3,000 $ 4,000 $ 2,000 Part 4 $ 8,000 $ 11,000 Part 5 $ 9,000

Inventory write-down example Example 1: Part 1 solution: Original cost NRV RC NRV- NPM US GAAP market LCM IFRS LCNRV Part 1 $10,000 $20,000 $15,000 $12,000 Part 2 20,000 19,000 18,000 17,000 Part 3 5,000 3,000 4,000 2,000 Part 4 8,000 15,000 12,000 11,000 Part 5 9,000 Item-by-item basis $58,000 $50,000 $52,000 Total basis $69,000 $53,000 Total basis for US GAAP: If the inventory write-down is calculated for the total inventory, there is no write-down under US GAAP as the LCM value is $58,000 the same as the original cost.

Inventory write-down example Part 1 solution (continued): Item-by-item basis: US GAAP: IFRS: Original cost $ 58,000 Original cost $ 58,000 LCM 50,000 LCNRV 52,000 Write-down $ 8,000 Write-down $ 6,000 US GAAP journal entry: IFRS journal entry: CGS $8,000 Inventory write-down expense $6,000 Inventory $8,000 Inventory valuation allowance $6,000 The amount of inventory write down in this example is $8,000 using US GAAP because the LCM is less than the original cost. The amount is to be recorded in the income statement to CGS and directly to inventory because a future reversal of write-downs is not permitted. Using IFRS, the write-down is $6,000 because the LCNRV is less than the original cost. The write-down is not required to be recorded in a specific income statement account. A valuation allowance is used because future reversals of write-downs are permitted.

Inventory write-down reversal example Example 1 – write-down reversal Part 2: The airline industry’s business was so terrible during 2013 that Jets International still had the same five parts in its inventory as of December 31, 2013. However, fuel prices have decreased, so the outlook is more optimistic. As of the end of the year, Jets International’s original cost basis, net realizable value, replacement cost and net realizable value less the normal profit are as shown on the next slide. What is the amount of write-down reversal (if any) required using US GAAP? Please provide the necessary journal entry. What is the amount of write-down reversal (if any) required using IFRS? Please provide the necessary journal entry.

Inventory write-down reversal example Part 2 (continued): Original Cost NRV RC NRV-NPM Part 1 $ 10,000 $ 21,000 $ 16,000 $ 13,000 Part 2 $ 20,000 $ 19,000 $ 18,000 Part 3 $ 5,000 $ 4,000 $ 9,000 $ 3,000 Part 4 $ 8,000 $ 11,000 $ 12,000 Part 5 $ 15,000 $ 14,000

Inventory write-down reversal example Part 2 solution: Original Cost IFRS LCNRV December 31, 2012 NRV IFRS LCNRV December 31, 2013 Part 1 $ 10,000 $10,000 $21,000 Part 2 20,000 19,000 Part 3 5,000 3,000 4,000 Part 4 8,000 16,000 Part 5 15,000 12,000 14,000 Total $ 58,000 $ 52,000 $56,000

Inventory write-down reversal example Part 2 solution (continued): No reversal of a write-down is permitted using US GAAP. IFRS: December 31, 2013 LCNRV $ 56,000 December 31, 2012 LCNRV 52,000 Write-down $ 4,000 Journal entry: Inventory valuation allowance $4,000 Inventory write-down expense $4,000 Since the LCNRV at December 31, 2013 exceeds the LCNRV at December 31, 2012 by $4,000, this amount is recorded as a reversal to the previous write-down.

Disclosures US GAAP IFRS Basis upon which amounts are stated (e.g., LCM) and costing method Similar Carrying amounts by classification Similar Inventory financing arrangements Similar

Disclosures US GAAP Requires disclosure of the amount of write-downs recognized as expense. Various required disclosures when a firm uses the LIFO costing method (e.g., the LIFO reserve or replacement cost must be disclosed). IFRS Requires disclosure of both the amount of write-downs recognized as expense and any reversal of write-downs. No required disclosures related to LIFO method since LIFO is not allowed.

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