PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

NAME THE MOLECULES 5 carbon CO2 acceptor that combines with CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle ________________________________ Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP ________________________ 3 carbon sugar produced during the Calvin cycle that can be used to build glucose and other organic molecules ______________________________ Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

To make one glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle uses _____ molecules of CO2 _____ molecules of ATP _____ molecules of NADPH 6 18 12 Campbell concept check 10.3

NAME THE MOLECULES PEP carboxylase ATP synthase cytochromes Enzyme that adds CO2 to make a 4 carbon molecule before entering the Calvin cycle in C4 and CAM plants ________________________________ Cluster of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion gradient to add an inorganic phosphate group to ADP ________________________ Iron containing proteins that make up the electron transport chain ______________________________ PEP carboxylase ATP synthase cytochromes

NAME THE MOLECULES water carotenoids Molecule that is split during the light reaction to supply H+ ions for the concentration gradient and electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll ________________________________ Yellow and orange pigment molecules that broaden the spectrum of colors used to drive photosynthesis and also protect chlorophyll by dissipating excess light energy _________________________ water carotenoids

NAME THE COFACTOR found in the cytochromes of the electron transport chain _____ NAME THE COFACTOR found in the center chlorophyll molecule _____ Which color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis? Fe (iron) Mg++ (magnesium) Campbell Concept check 10.2 Green; green light is reflected not absorbed

Name the chlorophyll molecules found in the reaction center of Photosystem II. Explain why chlorophyll excited by light will fluoresce and give off heat when removed from cell, but not in intact chloroplasts. Chlorophyll a (P680) Excited electrons can’t pass their energy on to the electron transport chain if removed from chloroplasts. Energy is given off as heat and light (fluorecence) instead http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/usbg/photosyn.htm

What is the purpose of cyclic electron flow? Chlorophyll b (P700) Name the chlorophyll molecules found in the reaction center of Photosystem I. What is the purpose of cyclic electron flow? Chlorophyll b (P700) Non-cyclic electron flow produces equal amounts of ATP and NADPH, but Calvin cycle requires more ATP than NADPH. Cyclic electron flow can make up the difference by making more ATP without making NADPH. Cell can switch to cyclic electron flow, if NADPH is high and cell needs more ATP to run Calvin cycle

Instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, like the synthesis of ATP spectrophotometer chemiosmosis

NAME THE PARTS granum thylakoid Gel-filled space outside the stacks = ______________ Gel-filled space outside the chloroplast = __________________ cytoplasm stroma Stack of sacs = __________ granum MEMBRANE SAC = _________________ Gel-filled space inside the membrane sac = _________________ thylakoid Thylakoid space

Water (H2O) #1 = ______________ #2 = ______________ #3 = ______________ #4 = ______________ #5 = ______________ Oxygen (O2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbohydrates Sunlight (light energy)

Name the 2 kinds of plants that use alternative methods of carbon fixation which joins C02 to make a 4 carbon molecule before entering the Calvin cycle What does CAM stand for? In which types of climates would you expect to find more of these plants? C4 and CAM Crassulacean acid metabolism Hot, dry regions

Tell the place where the enzymes for the light reactions are located Tell the place where the Calvin cycle happens In membranes of thylakoids stroma

Tell the place where ATP is made Tell the place H+ ions build up as electrons move down the electron transport chain Tell the place where ATP is made In thylakoid space inside sac stroma

pigment Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b A _________________ is a molecule (like chlorophyll) that absorbs light energy. Name the two types of chlorophyll ________________ & _________________ pigment Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b

Name the cells unique to C4 plants where the Calvin cycle is found Name the two stages of photosynthesis In which of these are carbohydrates produced? Bundle sheath cells Light reactions & Calvin cycle Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle is also referred to as the ____________________ reactions Name the carrier of high energy electrons and hydrogen used during photosynthesis In which stage of photosynthesis is ATP made? Light independent NADP+ Light dependent reactions

In which phase of photosynthesis is oxygen released to the atmosphere? What is the ultimate fate of the H in H2O during photosynthesis? ATP synthase uses the movement of which ion across the membrane to produce ATP? Light reactions Ends up in carbohydrates H+

Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. What is the ultimate fate of the oxygen atoms in H2O following photosynthesis? Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. Released into the atmosphere as O2 gas 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

From which reactant do the Oxygen atoms in glucose (C6H12O6) come? Where do the electrons that pass down the electron transport chain end up following non-cyclic electron flow? Name the products of the light reaction. Carbon dioxide In NADPH Oxygen, ATP, NADPH

Name the products of the Calvin cycle In the light reactions, what is the electron donor? Where do the electrons end up? G3P (carbohydrates) , CO2 Campbell Concept check 10.2 water NADP+ Campbell Concept check 10.2

Explain why a poison that inhibits an enzyme in the Calvin cycle will also inhibit the light reactions. Explain when photorespiration would happen in a plant instead of photosynthesis. Campbell Concept check 10.3 Light reactions require ADP and NADP+ which are regenerated from the Calvin cycle. If these don’t return from Calvin Cycle . . . ATP and NADPH production stops When it is hot & dry the plant closes its stomata to conserve water; when CO2 levels get low the plant switches to photorespiration

How is photorespiration different from photosynthesis? In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? Rubisco adds O2 to Calvin cycle instead of CO2 ; CO2 is given off, but no ATP is made; no sugar is made By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day

How many G3P molecules are needed to make 1 glucose molecule? G3P stands for __________________________ Give an example of a C3 plant 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Rice, wheat, soybeans, most flowers & trees you know

→ Which of the following is a chlorophyll molecule? Chlorophyll phospholipid glucose amino acid (phenylalanine) ATP

Organisms that can produce their own food are called __________________ RuBP stands for __________________________ Give an example of a C4 plant Autotrophs (producers) Ribulose biphosphate Sugarcane, corn

Organisms that can’t produce their own food and must get their energy from eating other organisms are called __________________ Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? A) NADPH → O2→CO2 B) H2O →NADPH→ Calvin cycle C) NADPH→chlorophyll→ Calvin cycle D) H2O→photosystem I→photosystem II E) NADPH→ electron transport chain → O2 heterotrophs (consumers) → Campbell Self quiz

The most abundant protein in chloroplasts and probably the most abundant protein on Earth is ____________________ Which wavelengths of light does chlorophyll absorb best? The entire range of electromagnetic radiation from microwaves to radiowaves is called the __________________________ rubisco Red & blue violet Electromagnetic spectrum

Chloroplasts are found mainly in which kind of cells in C3 plants Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? A) NADPH → O2→CO2 B) H2O →NADPH→ Calvin cycle C) NADPH→chlorophyll→ Calvin cycle D) H2O→photosystem I→photosystem II E) NADPH→ electron transport chain → O2 mesophyll → Campbell Self quiz