1784ish-1832ish. Responses to/against 18 th c. Lit Extension of literacy Literature as a way of changing the world Looking to classical literature for.

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Presentation transcript:

1784ish-1832ish

Responses to/against 18 th c. Lit Extension of literacy Literature as a way of changing the world Looking to classical literature for models Continued influence of journalism, reviews, subscription publishing Reaction against Neoclassical certainty Questioning authority, rather than claiming to have it Excess and emotion rather than moderation, reason, restraint (though Romantic poetry is technically very accomplished)

The Age of Revolutions Revolution replaces complacency The American Revolution: challenge to British supremacy and colonialism The French Revolution: overthrow of perceived tyranny The Industrial Revolution: economic and class-structures shaken up Political Revolution: Rise of the commons and the Reform Bill of 1832 Religious Revolution: increase in nonconformity and individualism in religious expression

Zeitgeist “The Spirit of the Age” Elevation of Imagination over Reason, Science, Empiricism, Certainty Elevation of ‘nature in the raw’ over Nature Methodized Celebration of sensibilities, of perception through feeling rather than through the intellect

Attitudinal Shifts

Different Viewpoints

Poetic Theory and Practice The poet not as moralist but as vates (prophet) Spontaneity and freedom over rules Irregularity and impulsive forms (rise of the ode), metrical experimentation Glorification of the ordinary, the common, and the outcast rather than General Principles Embellishment with the supernatural and the strange (“The Gothic”)

Major Genres Poetry The ode The lyric Non-fiction prose The reflective essay The familiar essay The letter Drama (often “closet drama”) The novel Gothic novel, novel of purpose, novel of manners, the romance

The Sublime Longinus defined the sublime as differing from beauty and evoking more intense emotions by vastness, a quality that inspires awe and even terror. Whereas beauty may be found in the small, the smooth, the light and the everyday, the sublime is vast, irregular, obscure and superhuman. Definition from Grove Dictionary of Art Becomes fashionable to travel to wild and rugged places, such as the Alps, Snowdonia and the Lake District

Sublime/Beautiful/Picturesque /sublime.htm /sublime.htm

Mary Wollestonecraft story/british/empire_sea power/wollstonecraft_01. shtml story/british/empire_sea power/wollstonecraft_01. shtml

George Gordon, Lord Byron du/kosterj/engl203/auth ors&primaryreadings/by ron.htm du/kosterj/engl203/auth ors&primaryreadings/by ron.htm