JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIROLOGY PRESENTATION

GROUP MEMBERS: SYEDA KANWAL FATIMA NIMRAH GHOURI

CONTENTS Introduction Epidemiology Causes Symptoms Life cycle and replication Transmission Diagnosis Treatment and prevention References cycle

INTRODUCTION viral disease Infects animals and humans A mosquito-borne flavivirus JE is mainly a problem in rural farming areas. Occurs more commonly in the rainy season. Affect the CNS and cause severe complications and death.

TAXONOMY Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Japanese encephalitis virus

EPIDEMIOLOGY JE is endemic throughout most of Asia and parts of the Western Pacific region. Within the JE-endemic region, there are two typical patterns of transmission: In areas with temperate climates, most cases occur over a period of several months when the weather is warmest, usually after the monsoons begin or associated with heavy rainfall. In areas with tropical climates, there is year-round transmission.

Distribution of Japanese encephalitis in Asia

Different patterns of age distribution of cases

Death and disability from JE Up to 30% of all patients with JE die. For those that survive the illness, 30% to 75% cases are left with disability. Disability is both physical and cognitive. Photo credit: Julie Jacobson

EVOLUTION originated from its ancestral virus in the mid 1500s in the Indonesia-Malaysia region evolved there into different genotypes and spread across Asia.

CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS caused by an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) Arboviruses are a large group of viruses that are spread by certain invertebrate animals (arthropods) most commonly, blood-sucking insects. Like most arboviruses, JE is spread by infected mosquitoes..

SYMPTOMS AFTER TWO DAYS: Suffer the effects of swelling in the brain Prob. With balancing and coordination Tremors Paralysis Seizure Lapses in consciousness Mask like appearance of the face if the patient survives the illness, the fever will decrease by about 7 days. And symptoms will begin to improve coma and death occur in 7-14 days Or patient who recover have permanent disability due to brain damage. Most infected people develop mild Japanese encephalitis symptoms or no symptoms at all. In people who develop a more severe disease, Japanese encephalitis usually starts as a flu-like illness, with: Fever Chills Tiredness Headache Nausea Vomiting.   Confusion and agitation can also occur in the early stage. SYMPTOMS

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS: STRUCTURE

HOST Animal host Pigs are a major source of reservoir of JE virus. Infected pigs do not show any overt symptoms of illness and can transmit the virus to human beings through mosquito bites. The pigs are considered as “Amplifiers” of the virus. Birds Pond herons, cattle egrets, poultry ducks ardeid birds appear to be involved in the natural history of JE virus. Mosquito vectors C. Vishnui, C. pseudovishnui, C. tritaeneorhynchus, C. gelidus are the known vectors of JE virus. Animal host Birds Mosquito vectors Breeding places of mosquitoes Irrigated rice fields Shallow ditches. Pools and standing water.

LIFE CYCLE

REPLICATION

TRANSMISSION There is no man to man transmission. Man is only an accidental and dead end host. Children below the age 15 are often victims of the disease

DIAGNOSIS JE is diagnosed by detection of antibodies in serum and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) by IgM capture ELISA Viral antigen can also be shown in tissues by indirect fluorescent antibody staining

TREATMENT No treatment Fluids are given to decrease dehydration Medication to decrease fever and pain Medication to decrease brain swelling

PREVENTION Personal protective measures and mosquito elimination are the most important Control mosquito population with insecticides Avoid contact with mosquitoes

REFERENCES japanese-encephalitis-epidemiology-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention.htm#H3 www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/encephalitis/ emedicine.medscape.com/article/233802-overview www.nhs.uk/conditions/japanese-encephalitis www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/jencephalitis