دكتوراه، أستاذ مساعد بالكلية التقنية بحائل، 2008

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Presentation transcript:

دكتوراه، أستاذ مساعد بالكلية التقنية بحائل، 2008 الفصل الأول – مبادئ أساسية لإدارة الإنتاج Chap 1 - Introduction and Basics of Production Management د. محمد أحمد عيشـــوني دكتوراه، أستاذ مساعد بالكلية التقنية بحائل، 2008 m_aichouni@yahoo.co.uk

تم تحضير هذا الفصل بناءا على محاضرات الأستاذ جون هاوسمان من جامعة ويسكونسن بأمريكا This chapter is based on chap 1 - Production and Operations Management (POM): An Introduction Lectures of Prof. John Houseman from Wisconsin University Whitewater + كتاب

محتويات الفصل الأول Chapter Overview مقدمة عامة التطور التاريخي لإدارة الإنتاج والعمليات التوجهات الحديثة لإدارة الإنتاج نظم الإنتاج و طرق تصنيفها العلاقة بين إدارة الإنتاج و و الوظائف الأخرى في المنشآت الإنتاجية. طرق دراسة إدارة الإنتاج و العمليات تطبيقات المنشآت العالمية الرائدة Introduction Historical Milestones in POM Factors Affecting POM Today Different Ways of Studying POM Wrap-Up: What World-Class Producers Do

مقدمة عن إدارة الانتاج Introduction Production and operations management (POM) is the management of an organization’s production system. A production system takes inputs and converts them into outputs. The conversion process is the predominant activity of a production system. The primary concern of an operations manager is the activities of the conversion process. إدارة الإنتاج و العمليات : هي عملية إدارة و تسيير النظام الانتاجي في المنشآت الإنتاجية والخدمية. تعرف أيضا بأنها عملية إدارة الأفراد و الموارد بغرض إنتاج منتج أو تقديم خدمة معينة للعملاء. إدارة الانتاج هي نشاط إداري يعمل على تحويل مدخلات الانتاج على منتج نهائي بأقل تكلفة ممكنة و اعلى جودة.

النموذج التنظيمي في المنشآت الإنتاجية Organizational Model إدارة الانتاج والعمليات P.O.M التسويق Marketing إدارة نظم المعلومات MIS الهندسة و العمليات Engineering HRM الموارد البشرية توكيد الجودة Quality Assurance المحاسبة Accounting Sales المبيعات الإدارة المالية Finance

ثلاثة وظائف أساسية في عمل المنشآت إدارة الانتاج والعمليات P.O.M التسويق Marketing إدارة نظم المعلومات MIS الهندسة و العمليات Engineering HRM الموارد البشرية توكيد الجودة Quality Assurance المحاسبة Accounting Sales المبيعات الإدارة المالية Finance الوظيفة الأول : إدارة الإنتاج و العمليات (POM) الوظيفة الثانية : التسويق الوظيفة الثالثة : التمويل

ثلاثة وظائف أساسية في عمل المنشآت

الوظائف الأساسية الثلاثة في عمل المنشآت Organization Chart-Major Elements العمليات و الإنتاج المالية و التمويل التسويق

أهداف الأداء في إدارة الإنتاج Operations Management Flexibility Quality Speed Price (or cost Reduction) المرونة الجودة تخفيض التكاليف السرعة إدارة الإنتاج والعمليات

إدارة الإنتاج في الهيكل التنظيمي للمنشآت Finance Marketing Operations Plant Manager Operations Manager Director Manufacturing, Production control, Quality assurance, Engineering, Purchasing, Maintenance, etc

الوظائف المتاحة في مجال إدارة الإنتاج Entry-Level Jobs in POM مشرف إنتاج (وعمليات). مفتش إنتاج (وعمليات). مخطط إنتاج (وعمليات). محلل إنتاج (وعمليات). محلل مخزون متخصص (فاحص، مفتش) جودة مخطط و محلل مبيعات و تموين. Production (or operations) supervisor Production (or operations) scheduler/controller Production (or operations) analyst Inventory analyst Quality specialist Purchasing planner/buyer www.mihnati.com www.gulftalent.com www.monstergulf.com مواقع إنترنت مهمة للتوظيف في المملكة

التطور التاريخي لإدارة الإنتاج حسب العلماء فقد مرت الصناعة بخمسة مراحل أساسية أثرت على تطوير إدارة الانتاج. هذه المراحل هي: 1700s Cottage Industry.... Machine power for human power.... factory system which resulted in greater productivity. 1790 Eli Whitney invented concept of interchangeable parts. Forced consistent production of parts. Variation evil. 1865 -1900 Joint stock companies formed changing capital structure of companies. Expansion into West created demand for products, development of rail lines provided quick, cheap transportation of goods. Also influx of labor from farm to urban centers. Early 1900s Frederick Taylor developed the concept of Shop System. Henry Ford put concepts into practice with assembly lines that used modern scientific management concepts: Standardized product design, mass production for low manufacturing. costs, mechanized the lines, specialization of labor, and interchangeable parts. 1927-32 Hawthorne studies at Western Electric plant demonstrated human factors also impacted production. World War II required enormous quantities of supplies, people, etc. Operations Research teams formed to develop models to manage the complex logistics. Linear programming, PERT/CPM, forecasting developed/refined. Accelerated after WWII, 2/3’s workforce in service and 2/3’s GDP generated by service industry.

التطور التاريخي لإدارة الإنتاج (1) 1700s Cottage Industry.... Machine power for human power.... factory system which resulted in greater productivity. 1790 Eli Whitney invented concept of interchangeable parts. Forced consistent production of parts. Variation evil. 1865 -1900 Joint stock companies formed changing capital structure of companies. Expansion into West created demand for products, development of rail lines provided quick, cheap transportation of goods. Also influx of labor from farm to urban centers. Early 1900s Frederick Taylor developed the concept of Shop System. Henry Ford put concepts into practice with assembly lines that used modern scientific management concepts: Standardized product design, mass production for low manufacturing. costs, mechanized the lines, specialization of labor, and interchangeable parts. 1927-32 Hawthorne studies at Western Electric plant demonstrated human factors also impacted production. World War II required enormous quantities of supplies, people, etc. Operations Research teams formed to develop models to manage the complex logistics. Linear programming, PERT/CPM, forecasting developed/refined. Accelerated after WWII, 2/3’s workforce in service and 2/3’s GDP generated by service industry.

التطور التاريخي لإدارة الإنتاج (2) 1700s Cottage Industry.... Machine power for human power.... factory system which resulted in greater productivity. 1790 Eli Whitney invented concept of interchangeable parts. Forced consistent production of parts. Variation evil. 1865 -1900 Joint stock companies formed changing capital structure of companies. Expansion into West created demand for products, development of rail lines provided quick, cheap transportation of goods. Also influx of labor from farm to urban centers. Early 1900s Frederick Taylor developed the concept of Shop System. Henry Ford put concepts into practice with assembly lines that used modern scientific management concepts: Standardized product design, mass production for low manufacturing. costs, mechanized the lines, specialization of labor, and interchangeable parts. 1927-32 Hawthorne studies at Western Electric plant demonstrated human factors also impacted production. World War II required enormous quantities of supplies, people, etc. Operations Research teams formed to develop models to manage the complex logistics. Linear programming, PERT/CPM, forecasting developed/refined. Accelerated after WWII, 2/3’s workforce in service and 2/3’s GDP generated by service industry.

محطات تاريخية مهمة في مجال إدارة الإنتاج Historical Milestones in POM الثورة الصناعية (القرن 17) مرحلة ما بعد الحرب الاهلية الامريكية الإدارة العلمية لفريريك تايلور العلاقات الانسانية بحوث العمليات ثورة الخدمات (1990) The Industrial Revolution Post-Civil War Period Scientific Management Human Relations and Behaviorism Operations Research The Service Revolution 1700s Cottage Industry.... Machine power for human power.... factory system which resulted in greater productivity. 1790 Eli Whitney invented concept of interchangeable parts. Forced consistent production of parts. Variation evil. 1865 -1900 Joint stock companies formed changing capital structure of companies. Expansion into West created demand for products, development of rail lines provided quick, cheap transportation of goods. Also influx of labor from farm to urban centers. Early 1900s Frederick Taylor developed the concept of Shop System. Henry Ford put concepts into practice with assembly lines that used modern scientific management concepts: Standardized product design, mass production for low manufacturing. costs, mechanized the lines, specialization of labor, and interchangeable parts. 1927-32 Hawthorne studies at Western Electric plant demonstrated human factors also impacted production. World War II required enormous quantities of supplies, people, etc. Operations Research teams formed to develop models to manage the complex logistics. Linear programming, PERT/CPM, forecasting developed/refined. Accelerated after WWII, 2/3’s workforce in service and 2/3’s GDP generated by service industry.

The Industrial Revolution أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل The industrial revolution developed in England in the 1700s. The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1764, largely replaced human and water power for factories. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776 touted the economic benefits of the specialization of labor. Thus the late-1700s factories had not only machine power but also ways of planning and controlling the tasks of workers. The industrial revolution spread from England to other European countries and to the United Sates. In 1790 an American, Eli Whitney, developed the concept of interchangeable parts. The first great industry in the U.S. was the textile industry. In the 1800s the development of the gasoline engine and electricity further advanced the revolution. By the mid-1800s, the old cottage system of production had been replaced by the factory system.

أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل Post-Civil War Period During the post-Civil War period great expansion of production capacity occurred. By post-Civil War the following developments set the stage for the great production explosion of the 20th century: increased capital and production capacity the expanded urban workforce new Western U.S. markets an effective national transportation system أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل

Scientific Management أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل Frederick Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. His shop system employed these steps: Each worker’s skill, strength, and learning ability were determined. Stopwatch studies were conducted to precisely set standard output per worker on each task. Material specifications, work methods, and routing sequences were used to organize the shop. Supervisors were carefully selected and trained. Incentive pay systems were initiated. In the 1920s, Ford Motor Company’s operation embodied the key elements of scientific management: standardized product designs mass production low manufacturing costs mechanized assembly lines specialization of labor interchangeable parts

Human Relations and Behavioralism In the 1927-1932 period, researchers in the Hawthorne Studies realized that human factors were affecting production. Researchers and managers alike were recognizing that psychological and sociological factors affected production. From the work of behavioralists came a gradual change in the way managers thought about and treated workers. أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل

أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل Operations Research During World War II, enormous quantities of resources (personnel, supplies, equipment, …) had to be deployed. Military operations research (OR) teams were formed to deal with the complexity of the deployment. After the war, operations researchers found their way back to universities, industry, government, and consulting firms. OR helps operations managers make decisions when problems are complex and wrong decisions are costly. أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل

The Service Revolution The creation of services organizations accelerated sharply after World War II. Today, more than two-thirds of the U.S. workforce is employed in services. About two-thirds of U.S. GDP is from services. There is a huge trade surplus in services. Investment per office worker now exceeds the investment per factory worker. Thus there is a growing need for service operations management. أدرس الشريحة في إطار فريق العمل

العوامل المؤثرة على وظيفة إدارة الإنتاج Today's Factors Affecting POM Global Competition Quality, Customer Service, and Cost Challenges Computers and Advanced Production Technology Growth of Service Sector Scarcity of Production Resources Issues of Social Responsibility التنافس الشديد في الأسواق العالمية. جودة المنتجات وخدمة العملاء. تطور الحواسيب وتقنيات المعلومات و الاتصال تطور مجال الخدمات تقلص موارد الإنتاج المسؤوليات الاجتماعية

نموذج نظام الإنتاج Model of a Production System Inputs Outputs Conversion Subsystem Control نظام المراقبة والتغذية الراجعة نظام أو عمليات التحويل المدخلات المخرجات

عناصر نظام الإنتاج Elements of Production System Inputs Outputs Conversion Subsystem Control

العنصر الأول : مدخلات نظام الانتاج Inputs of a Production System External Legal, Economic, Social, Technological Market Competition, Customer Desires, Product Info. Primary Resources Materials, Personnel, Capital, Utilities مدخلات خارجية قانونية، اقتصادية، اجتماعية وتكنولوجية (تقنية) مدخلات السوق التنافسية، متطلبات العملاء ومعلومات المنتج. موارد أساسية مواد، موارد بشرية، الموارد المالية و المرافق.

العنصر الثاني : نظام التحويل Conversion Subsystem Physical (Manufacturing) Locational Services (Transportation) Exchange Services (Retailing) Storage Services (Warehousing) Other Private Services (Insurance) Government Services عمليات التصنيع والانتاج خدمات المناولة (النقل) خدمات التبادل خدمات التخزين خدمات أخرى (التأمين) خدمات حكومية

العنصر الثالث : المخرجات Outputs of a Production System مخرجات مباشرة منتجات خدمات مخرجات غير مباشرة نفايات التلوث التطورات التقنية Direct Products Services Indirect Waste Pollution Technological Advances

وظائف نظام الإنتاج اتخاذ القرار في إدارة الإنتاج

اتخاذ القرار في إدارة الانتاج Decision Making in POM قرارات استراتيجية (التخطيط) قرارات عملية (التنظيم) قرارات المراقبة Strategic Decisions Operating Decisions Control Decisions

مجالات اتخاذ القرار في إدارة الإنتاج Product Design Procurement Location Quality Management Layout P/O.M Mission and Strategy Process Design Schedule Human Resources & Job Design Reliability & Maintenance Inventory

قرارات استراتيجية - التخطيط Strategic Decisions These decisions are of strategic importance and have long-term significance for the organization. Examples include deciding: the design for a new product’s production process where to locate a new factory whether to launch a new-product development plan هذه القرارات تعتبر ذات أهمية إستراتيجية على الأمد البعيد للمنشأة. تشمل هذه القرارات : تصميم وتحديد مواصفات المنتج أو الخدمة. تحديد مكان منشأة جديدة تحديد مدى صلاحية إنزال منتج أو خدمة جديدة.

قرارات عملية - التنظيم Operating Decisions These decisions are necessary if the ongoing production of goods and services is to satisfy market demands and provide profits. Examples include deciding: how much finished-goods inventory to carry the amount of overtime to use next week the details for purchasing raw material next month تهدف هذه القرارات إلى ترتيب وتحديد و إدارة العمليات الانتاجية اللازمة لإنتاج المنتج أو تقديم الخدمة حسب المواصفات المطلوبة و التي تحقق رضا العميل بأقل التكاليف. تشمل هذه القرارات : تحديد كمية المخزون من المنتج تحديد الساعات الاضافية للعمل خلال الفترات المقبلة. تحديد المواد الاولية للتوريد.

قرارات المراقبة Control Decisions These decisions concern the day-to-day activities of workers, quality of products and services, production and overhead costs, and machine maintenance. Examples include deciding: labor cost standards for a new product frequency of preventive maintenance new quality control acceptance criteria تشمل هذه القرارات مجموع النشاطات اليومية الخاصة بالعمال، جودة المنتجات والخدمات، تكاليف الانتاج و صيانة المعدات و المكائن. تشمل هذه القرارات : تحديد تكاليف اليد العاملة لإنتاج منتج ما. تحديد فترات الصيانة الوقائية. تحديد معايير ضبط جودة المنتجات أو الخدمات.

خلاصة الفصل الأول

خلاصة الفصل الأول

مراجع علمية عربية عن إدارة الإنتاج محمد العزاوي، (2006)، ”الإنتاج و إدارة العمليات – منهج كمي تحليلي“، دار اليازوردي العلمية للنشر و التوزيع، عمان، الأردن. (متوفر في مكتبة العبيكان) مذكرة مقرر إدارة الإنتاج، المؤسسة العامة للتدريب التقني والمهني. حسين التميمي، ”إدارة الإنتاج و العمليات – مدخل كمي“، دار الفكر للطباعة.

مواقع إنترنت عن إدارة الإنتاج http://www.themanager.org/Knowledgebase/Operations/Operations.htm http://www.managementhelp.org/ops_mgnt/ops_mgnt.htm …

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