Ch INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

 hour days, 6 days/week  Fired at any time, for any reason  Many lost their jobs during business downturns  Or Replaced by immigrants who worked for lower pay  Unsafe, unhealthy conditions WORKING CONDITIONS

 Accidents were common  Steelworkers suffered burns  Coal miners died in cave-ins INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

 million women had joined the workforce  No laws regulated workers’ salaries  Women earned 1/2 of men’s salaries for same work  Children under 16 were also used in factories  Some states passed laws that children need to be at least 12 and should not work more than 10 hours/day WOMEN AND CHILDREN

 Labor Unions  Purpose: Demand better pay and working conditions  Employers fired workers who joined  Knights of Labor  Used special handshakes to identify one another  Met in secret  American Federation of Labor  Higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions  Collective Bargaining LABOR UNIONS

 Unions represent workers in labor discussions with management COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

 Sweatshop in New York City  Young immigrant women  1911  Fire broke out  Women could not escape because the company kept the doors locked to prevent workers from leaving early TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST COMPANY FACTORY

 Chicago, 1886  Striking workers from McCormick Harvester Company protested  Someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer  Americans began to associate the labor movement with terrorism and disorder HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT

 Homestead Strike  Carnegie’s steel plant  Pullman Strike  George Pullman’s railway-car plant OTHER STRIKES