GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management Part II September 22, 2009

BLACKCHERRY Cyanogenic glycosides All parts toxic Most common – wilted leaves Within one hour lethal ingested amount can cause spasma and death from respiratory failure

BRACKEN FERN Toxicity – thiaminase All parts toxic Collapse convulsion Death within a few days Calves

BUTTERFLY WEED Roots, plant sap from all parts. Vomiting, stupor, weakness, spasms Resinoid, cardiac glycoside Large quantities eaten

CASTOR BEAN Toxicity – Ricin All parts toxic *seeds Symptoms may show immediately or delay for up to 2 days after ingesting. Weakness, Bloody vomiting/diarrhea Convulsion, death Few cracked seeds have cause death

CHERRY LAUREL TREE Same as Black Cherry, Choke Cherry Within one hour lethal amount can cause spasma and death from respiratory failure

CHINA BERRY TREE All parts Leaves have paraisine Fruit has azaridine Ripe fruit more toxic than green, deaths in livestock (sheep/pigs)

CHINESE TALLOWTREE Toxic agent unknown Terminal leaves and green fruit – gastrointestinal disorder Consume 1% of BW will produce signs in hrs

COCKELBUR Vomiting in pigs Sheep/Cattle show weakness, inability to stand, confusion, rapid and weak pulse, low temp and muscular spasm

COFFEE WEED - SICKLEPOD Seeds toxicity upon the skeletal muscles, kidney, and liver The leaves and stem also contain toxin, whether green or dry Diarrhea, go off feed, lethargic, and tremors appear in the hind legs Urine becomes dark and coffee-colored and the animal becomes recumbent and is unable to rise. Death often occurs within 12 hours after the animal goes down

COFFEE SENNA Seeds toxicity upon the skeletal muscles, kidney, and liver The leaves and stem also contain toxin, whether green or dry Diarrhea, go off feed, lethargic, and tremors appear in the hind legs Urine becomes dark and coffee-colored and the animal becomes recumbent and is unable to rise. Death often occurs within 12 hours after the animal goes down

CROTALARIA Alkaloid monocrotaline All parts are toxic, green or dry Horses develop unthriftiness Liver damage No treatment

FETTERBUSH All parts toxic Watering of mouth, eyes, nose 2-6 hrs later vomiting Death from Respiratory failure

HORSENETTLE Toxic - Solanine alkaloid Nausea, vomiting, salivation, drowsiness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, respiratory depression; may be fatal

JIMSONWEED Toxic - Tropane alkaloids All parts, mainly seeds and leaves rapid and weak pulse, convulsions Large quantities eaten

JOHNSONGRASS Cyanide poisoning of cattle/livestock when grown under adverse conditions (drought, frost, etc.) Death from respiratory failure

LANTANA Toxicity- lantanin All parts are toxic Severe weakness Paralysis Death 3-4 days Treatment sodium thiosulfate Goats not affected

NIGHTSHADE Alkaloid Solanine Berries most toxic when green Highly toxic Poisoning common in calves during spring when forage is in short supply

OLEANDER All parts toxic Neroside, oleandroside, cardiac glycosides grams of leaf can kill a mature cow Green or dry leaves equally toxic Respiratory paralysis, death

PERILLA MINT All parts toxic Ketones – respiratory distress Minty odor when crushed Consumed when Forage in short supply

PIGWEED All parts toxic Concentrate nitrates in leaves Vitamin deficiency, bloat Rarely death

POKEBERRY Root is most toxic but all parts Cramping, diarrhea Most cases recovering in hrs

RAIN LILY All parts, especially the bulb Alkaloids lycorine Large amounts causes staggers in horses, cattle Collapse and death 48 hrs

SESBANIA Saponin that is toxic to livestock Seeds most toxic Consumed when forage is scarce 1-2 oz. of seeds can be fatal

SHOWY CROTALARIA All parts toxic, green or dried in hay Listlessness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, bloody feces, stumbling and death

SNEEZEWEED Leaves, flowers, seeds Glucoside and a phenol Sheep Vomiting Large quantities needed

SWEET SHRUB Alkaloid is contained in the seed Strychnine like symptoms Large quantities needed

WATER HEMLOCK Cicutoxin Seeds and flowers produce mild gastroenteric irritation Large mouthful can be fatal Respiratory or cardiac failure

YELLOW JESSAMINE All parts including nectar are toxic Muscular weakness and respiratory failure

Derek Barber Livestock & Natural Resources