Implementing Storage Spaces 20410B Week 10 Objectives 9: Implementing Local Storage Implementing Storage Spaces Managing Virtual Networks Briefly describe the lessons included in this module.

Disk Types and Performance 20410B Disk Types and Performance 9: Implementing Local Storage As performance increases, so does cost SSD SAS Performance Slow Slow ~ 150 IOPS ~210 IOPS Fast: 1.5mio IPOS SCSI SATA EIDE Cost

What Is Direct Attached Storage? 20410B What Is Direct Attached Storage? 9: Implementing Local Storage DAS disks are physically attached to the server Advantages: Disadvantages: Easy to configure Inexpensive solution Isolated because it attaches only to a single server Slower Server with attached disks

What Is Network Attached Storage? 20410B What Is Network Attached Storage? 9: Implementing Local Storage NAS is storage that is attached to a dedicated storage device and accessed through network shares Advantages: NAS Device Relatively inexpensive Easy to configure Local Area Network (Ethernet) Disadvantages: Slower access times Not an enterprise solution File-level access (CIFS, NFS) NAS offers centralized storage at an affordable price File Server

20410B What Is a SAN? 9: Implementing Local Storage SANs offers higher availability with the most flexibility Advantages: Fastest access times Easily expandable Centralized storage High level of redundancy Servers Switches Disadvantages: More expensive Requires specialized skills Storage Devices SANs can be implemented using Fibre Channel or iSCSI

20410B What Is RAID? 9: Implementing Local Storage RAID combines multiple disks into a single logical unit to provide fault tolerance and performance RAID provides fault tolerance by using: Disk mirroring Parity information RAID can provide performance benefits by spreading disk I/O across multiple disks RAID can be configured using several different levels RAID should not replace server backups

RAID Levels RAID 1+0 RAID 6 RAID 0 RAID 5 RAID 1 20410B RAID Levels 9: Implementing Local Storage Each pair of disks is mirrored, then the mirrored disks are striped RAID 1+0 Block level striped set with parity distributed across all disks RAID 6 Block level striped set with parity distributed across all disks RAID 5 Mirrored drives RAID 1 Striped set without parity or mirroring RAID 0

Selecting a Partition Table Format 9: Implementing Local Storage MBR Standard Partition table format since early 1980s Supports a maximum of 4 primary partitions per drive Can partition a disk up to 2 TB GPT GPT is the successor of MBR partition table format Supports a maximum of 128 partitions per drive Can partition a disk up to 18 EB Use MBR for disks smaller than 2 TB Use GPT for disks larger than 2 TB

Selecting a Disk Type Basic disks are: 9: Implementing Local Storage Basic disks are: Disks initialized for basic storage The default storage for Windows operating system Dynamic disks can: Be modified without restarting Windows Provide several options for configuring volumes Disk volume requirements include: A system volume for hardware-specific files that are required to start the server A boot volume for the Windows operating system files

Selecting a File System 20410B Selecting a File System 9: Implementing Local Storage When selecting a file system, consider the differences between FAT, NTFS, and ReFS FAT provides: Basic file system Partition size limitations FAT32 to enable larger disks exFAT developed for flash drives NTFS provides: Metadata Auditing and journaling Security (ACLs and encryption) ReFS provides: Backward compatibility support for NTFS Enhanced data verification and error correction Support for larger files, directories, volumes, etc.

20410B What Is ReFS? 9: Implementing Local Storage ReFS is a new file system that is built in to Windows Server 2012. Advantages include: Metadata integrity with checksums Integrity streams with user data integrity Allocation on write transactional model Large volume, file, and directory sizes (2^78 bytes with 16-KB cluster size) Storage pooling and virtualization Data striping for performance and redundancy Disk scrubbing for protection against latent disk errors Resiliency to corruptions with recovery Shared storage pools across machines

What Are Mount Points and Links? 20410B What Are Mount Points and Links? 9: Implementing Local Storage A mount point is a reference to a location on a disk that enables Windows operating system access to disk resources Use volume mount points: To mount volumes or disks as folders instead of using drive letters When you do not have drive letters available for creating new volumes To add disk space without changing the folder structure A link file contains a reference to another file or directory Link options: Symbolic file link (or, soft link) Symbolic directory link (or, directory junctions)

Extending and Shrinking Volumes 20410B Extending and Shrinking Volumes 9: Implementing Local Storage You can resize NTFS volumes from the Windows operating system, beginning with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2003 When you want to resize a disk, consider the following: You can extend or shrink NTFS volumes ReFS volumes can only be extended FAT/FAT32/exFAT cannot be resized To extend, the free space has to be adjacent You can shrink a volume only up to immovable files Bad clusters on a disk will prevent you from shrinking a volume

What Is the Storage Spaces Feature? 20410B What Is the Storage Spaces Feature? 9: Implementing Local Storage Use storage spaces to add physical disks of any type and size to a storage pool, and then create highly-available virtual disks from the storage pool Physical Disks Storage Pool Virtual Disk Disk Drive To create a virtual disk, you need the following: One or more physical disks Storage pool that includes the disks Virtual drives that are created with disks from the storage pool Disk drives that are based on virtual drives Virtual drives are not virtual hard disks (VHDs); they should be considered a drive in Disk Manager

Advanced Management Options for Storage Spaces 20410B Advanced Management Options for Storage Spaces 9: Implementing Local Storage Basic Management for Storage Spaces is available in Server Manager For disk failure: Do not use chkdsk or scan disk Remove the drive and add a new one Advanced management requires Windows PowerShell Windows PowerShell cmdlet Description Get-StoragePool List storage pools Repair-VirtualDisk Repair a virtual disk Get-PhysicalDisk | Where{$_.HealthStatus -ne “Healthy”} List unhealthy physical disks Reset-PhysicalDisk Remove a physical disk from a storage pool Get-VirtualDisk | Get-PhysicalDisk List physical disks used for a virtual disk

Server Virtualization with Hyper-V 20410B Server Virtualization with Hyper-V 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Benefits of server virtualization with Hyper-V: Invisible to users Guest machines can use different operating systems More efficient use of hardware Service and application isolation Workload consolidation Simplifies server deployment Virtual machine templates Virtual machine self-service portals  

20410B What Is Windows Azure? 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Windows Azure is a cloud-based platform for hosting virtual machines and applications You pay only for the resources that you use You can increase and decrease capacity automatically and swiftly You can use Windows Azure to: Host websites Host production applications Host virtual machines Test proof-of-concept solutions

Desktop Virtualization 20410B Desktop Virtualization 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Desktop virtualization includes the following technologies: Client (Local) Hyper-V VDI

Presentation Virtualization 20410B Presentation Virtualization 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Differences between desktop virtualization and presentation virtualization Desktop virtualization Presentation virtualization Users are assigned their own virtual machines that are running a client operating system Users log on and run separate sessions on the server The desktop and applications run within virtual machines The desktop and applications run on the host server Presentation virtualization technologies include: Remote Desktop Services Full Desktop with RDC Applications using RemoteApp Remote Access through RD Gateway

What is Microsoft Application Virtualization? 20410B What is Microsoft Application Virtualization? 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Benefits of App-V Application isolation Incompatible applications can run on the same server Application streaming Application deployment is quicker Application portability Applications can follow users across multiple computers UE-V Application and operating system settings follow users across multiple computers

Compatible Windows Server operating systems What is Hyper-V? 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Hyper-V Is the hardware virtualization role in Windows Server 2012 Gives virtual machine guests direct access to the host's hardware Compatible Windows Server operating systems Windows Server 2012 Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012

Hardware Requirements for Hyper-V 20410B Hardware Requirements for Hyper-V 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Factors to consider when planning hardware for servers running Hyper-V: Processor characteristics Must have an x64 platform that supports hardware assisted virtualization and Data Execution Protection Processing capacity Memory Storage subsystem performance Network throughput (typically multiple NICs)

Virtual Machine Hardware 20410B Virtual Machine Hardware 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Virtual machines have the following simulated hardware by default: BIOS Memory Processor IDE Controller 0 and 1 SCSI Controller Synthetic Network Adapter COM 1 and 2 Diskette Drive You can add the following hardware to a virtual machine: SCSI Controller (up to 4) Network Adapter Legacy Network Adapter Fibre Channel adapter RemoteFX 3D video adapter

Configuring Dynamic Memory 20410B Configuring Dynamic Memory 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Dynamic Memory settings for a virtual machine: Startup RAM Dynamic Memory Minimum RAM Maximum RAM Memory buffer Memory weight

Configuring Virtual Machine Integration Services 20410B Configuring Virtual Machine Integration Services 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Possible integration services: Operating system shutdown Time synchronization Data exchange Heartbeat Backup (volume snapshot)

Configuring Virtual Machine Start and Stop Actions 20410B Configuring Virtual Machine Start and Stop Actions 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Possible automatic start actions: Nothing Automatically start if it was running when the service stopped Always start this virtual machine automatically Possible automatic stop actions: Save the virtual machine state Turn off the virtual machine Shut down the guest operating system

Hyper-V Resource Metering 20410B Hyper-V Resource Metering 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Parameters that you can measure with resource metering: Average CPU use Average physical memory use, including: Minimum memory use Maximum memory use Maximum disk space allocation Incoming network traffic for a network adapter Outgoing network traffic for a network adapter

VHDX format has the following benefits over the VHD format: What Is a VHD? 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V A virtual hard disk is a file that represents a traditional hard disk drive VHDX format has the following benefits over the VHD format: The disks can be larger (64 TB versus 2 TB) The disk is less likely to become corrupted The format supports better alignment when deployed to a large sector disk The format supports larger block size for dynamic and differencing disks

Creating Virtual Disk Types 20410B Creating Virtual Disk Types 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Dynamically expanding VHDs Fixed-size VHDs Direct-attached storage

Virtual Disk Configuration Options 20410B Virtual Disk Configuration Options 9: Implementing Local Storage Feature Options Storage Layout Simple Two-way or three-way mirror Parity Disk sector size 512 or 512e Drive allocation Data store Manual Hot Spare Provisioning schemes Thin vs. fixed provisioning

Potential maintenance operations on virtual hard disks: 20410B Managing VHDs 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Potential maintenance operations on virtual hard disks: Convert from fixed to dynamic Convert from dynamic to fixed Convert from VHD to VHDX format Convert from VHDX to VHD format Shrink a dynamic virtual hard disk Expand a dynamic or fixed virtual hard disk

Reducing Storage Needs with Differencing VHDs 20410B Reducing Storage Needs with Differencing VHDs 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Differencing disks reduce space used by storage at the cost of performance You can link multiple differencing disks to a single parent disk You cannot modify parent disk You can use Inspect Disk tool to reconnect a differencing disk to a missing parent

Using Snapshots Point-in-time copy of a virtual machine 20410B Using Snapshots 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Point-in-time copy of a virtual machine Does not affect running state of a virtual machine Snapshot files: Virtual machine configuration .xml file Saved-state files Differencing disk (.avhd)

What Is a Virtual Switch? 20410B What Is a Virtual Switch? 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 supports three different types of virtual switches: External Used to map a network to a specific network adapter or network adapter team Internal Used to communicate between the virtual machines on the host and between the virtual machines and the host itself Private Used to communicate between virtual machines, but not between the virtual machines and the host itself VLAN IDs Used to extend VLANs within the host's network switch to VLANS on the external network

Hyper-V Network Virtualization 20410B Hyper-V Network Virtualization 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Blue virtual machine Red virtual machine Physical server Blue network Red network Physical network Servers Top of rack switches Virtualization Server virtualization Runs multiple virtual servers on a physical server Each virtual server operates as if it is running as a physical server Network virtualization Runs multiple virtual networks on a physical network Each virtual network operates as if it is running as a physical network

Managing Virtual Machine MAC Addresses 20410B Managing Virtual Machine MAC Addresses 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Virtual Switch Manager Window

Configuring Virtual Network Adapters 20410B Configuring Virtual Network Adapters 13: Implementing Server Virtualization with Hyper-V Properties of a network adapter: Virtual Switch VLAN ID Bandwidth Management Advanced features of a network adapter: MAC address allocation DHCP Guard Router Guard Hardware acceleration features of synthetic network adapters Virtual Machine Queue IPsec task offloading SR-IOV Port Mirroring NIC Teaming