Chapter 5: Serology Techniques
Forensic Serology The detection and measurement of antigen- antibody binding reaction Primary binding assays Secondary binding assays Forensic Biology by Richard Li2
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Immunochromatographic Assays Forensic Biology by Richard Li3
Most sensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA Most common method is an antibody sandwich ELISA ▪ PSA and seminal stains ▪ Amylase and saliva ▪ Colorimetric or fluorometric signal is proportional to the amount of bound antigen Forensic Biology by Richard Li4
Immunochromatographic Assays Rapid and simple test Used as screening test in the field for seminal and saliva stains and for species identification High-dose effect Forensic Biology by Richard Li5
Precipitation-based assays Based on the precipitation reaction Species identification Immunodiffusion A passive diffusion method in which a concentration gradient is established for an antigen and/or antibody ▪ Single Immunodiffusion ▪ Radial Immunodiffusion Assay Forensic Biology by Richard Li6
Immunodiffusion (cont.) ▪ Double Immunodiffusion ▪ Gradient for both antibody and antigen ▪ Ring Assay- performed in test tube or capillary tube ▪ Ouchterlony Assay- Performed in an agarose gel supported by a glass slide or polyester film Forensic Biology by Richard Li7
Electrophoretic Methods Diffusion combined with electrophoresis tp enhance results Separates molecules according to differences in their electrophoretic mobility ▪ Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) ▪ Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) ▪ Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis ▪ Crossover Immunoelectrophoresis Forensic Biology by Richard Li8
Agglutination-based Assays Used for blood group typing and species identification Simple, more sensitive than precipitation techniques Identify antigen or antibody Forensic Biology by Richard Li9
Agglutination-based Assays (cont.) Direct agglutination assay ▪ Antibody interacts with the antigens originally located on the cell surface ▪ Hemmagglutination reaction Passive agglutination assay ▪ Employ coated erythrocytes ▪ Species identification Agglutination inhibition assay ▪ Indirect way to identify the antigen in question Forensic Biology by Richard Li10