North America in 1750

France’s Colonies in America During the 1600s, French explorers begin claiming land in America for France. Some of France’s larger cities were Quebec, Montreal and New France. By the late 1700s, France had roughly 80,000 settlers living America. France’s colonial economy is based on fur trading.

French-English Rivalry As England’s colonies over the world began to grow, so did their power. England had many Enemies For the first half of the eighteenth century England had been at war with either France or Spain France and England went to war in Europe in 1689

Native American Alliances Fur trading industry really popular throughout Europe and the America Fur trading created economic and military alliances between N.A. & Europeans. Iroquois had an economic alliance with the English. The Huron and the Algonquin had an economic and military alliance with the French.

Trouble in America Iroquois ran out of beavers to trade with the English colonist Decided to invade the land of the Algonquin in order to capture more beavers. English fur traders immediately began moving into French territory – Ohio River Valley

War Erupts Soon England began planning to set up colonies in this region. To protect this region, France built forts and destroyed the English village, Pickawillany. France took over Pickawillany and built a fort. Led by George Washington, England sent a small group of soldiers to tell the French to leave. Of course, the French refuses! In retaliation, the British built Fort Duquesne.

BritishFrench Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians The Ohio Valley 1754  The First Clash

The French & Indian War France immediately sets out to attack Fort Duquesne. They’re successful. The British will build another Fort, Fort Necessity. France attacks and Washington is forced to surrender Fort Necessity. This marked the beginning of the French and Indian War

Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA A Albany Congress  failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French  Albany Plan of Union

Albany Plan After several major losses, English colonists realizes they cannot win this war alone. Virginia ask the Iroquois nation to help fight. They refuse! Ben Franklin introduces the Albany Plan of Union to unite the 13 colonies to fight against the French. June Delegates from 7 colonies Benjamin Franklin –Pennsylvania Thomas Hutchinson –Massachusetts Albany Plan of Union– Send representatives to Grand Council – Collect taxes – Raise armies – Make treaties – New Settlements

French & Indian War Albany plan was rejected by every colony England later sent General Edward Braddock along with 2000 soldiers to help the colonist fight. Braddock teams up with Washington to retake Fort Duquesne. Braddock and Washington are ambushed by French soldiers. – 976 English soldiers killed – Braddock is killed – 22 year old Washington escapes without injury.

Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the Ohio Valley & Canada (Newfoundland and Nova Scotia) A Attacks Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley, and Acadia. A Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only British Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS 1755  British Decide to Eliminate French Presence in North America

Native American tribes exploited on both sides! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm 1756  War Is Formally Declared!

British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

Turning Point Under the new secretary of state, William Pitt, England was able reorganize the troops and seize several French forts. England decided to attack the capital New France, Quebec. Difficult task because Quebec sits upon a cliff above the St. Lawrence River. After finding a secret entrance into the city, the British annihilated the French. Later that year, the British were able to capture the 2nd largest city, Montreal.

A He understood colonial concerns. A He offered them a compromise: - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. - Lord Loudoun would be removed. - Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister

* By 1761, Spain has become an ally of France  The Tide Turns for England

France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India  Treaty of Paris

North America in 1763

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” blankets from Fort Pitt. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Native Americans upset that they didn’t receive promises from the French. Didn’t like the English. Decided to attack and destroy every British fort west of the Appalachian. To stop the attacks, English officials invited the leaders of the Rebellion to a peace meeting. As a gift, the leaders were given gifts – Blankets. Unfortunately, the blankets were infected with smallpox. Killed millions of N.A.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

British  Proclamation Line of Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA) BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

Proclamation of 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion showed England the potential for more wars. We can’t afford to keep fighting Native Americans. England decides that no one should settle in lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Kept 10,000 soldiers in colonies to make sure no one crosses the line This Upset the colonists – What about the beavers? – What about those already over there? – Didn’t we just have this huge war so that we can fight over here, but now you’re saying NO.

British Government measures to prevent smuggling:  James Otis’ case  Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. A 1761  writs of assistance  He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight. Rethinking Their Empire

1. Sugar Act Currency Act Stamp Act Quartering Act George Grenville’s Program,

Real Whigs Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? Theories of Representation

Loyal Nine Sons of Liberty – began in NYC: Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress – 1765 * Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act – 1766 Stamp Act Crisis

Costs of Colonial Resistance

1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. A Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. A He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. A Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. A Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston. Townshend Duties Crisis:

1. John Dickinson  1768 * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania  2 nd non-importation movement: * “Daughters of Liberty” * spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty. * 4000 British troops sent to Boston. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties