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THE GHOSTLY NEUTRINOS Hate them or love them, neutrinos do exist. Vector Particle Physics (VPP) automatically gives the correct structures and characteristics for the neutrinos. The neutrino was first proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930, to explain an undetectable small amount of missing energy from the beta decay of the neutron. The energy was not registering in their calorimeters, not because neutrinos weakly interact, but VPP gives the cause as the free neutrino does not move out of the field of the experiment. The missing energy in the beta decay of the neutron is calculated in the next slide. 2

MISSING Neutrino Energy Beta Decay of Neutron 3

VECTOR PARTICLE PHYSICS (A) We will now briefly introduce the correct structures for energy and matter. (B) The process begins where previous theorists failed to start, that is with the photon (energy) structure itself. (C) We can then see clearly how the basic particles structures automatically develop, giving the photo- production of the leptons, that is only the electron, positron, electron neutrino and muon neutrino pairs. (D) The only basic particles nature can possibly have (or it turns out needs ) are shown to be just these three pair of leptons automatically structured by the photon (energy). 4

PHOTO-PRODUCTION OF BASIC PARTICLES 5

All Composite Particles in the Universe are composed of just electrons and neutrinos 6

PROTON AND NEUTRON STRUCTURES 7

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PROTON CAPTURE of an ELECTRON (A) Luis W. Alvarez (Phys. Rev. 54, 486; 1938) paper; “The Capture of Orbital Electrons by Nuclei” presented a simple theory for electron capture (EC) by a nuclear proton, changing it into a neutron. e- + P  N + v (B) The suggestion that positron emitters might decay by the alternate process of (EC) was first advanced by Yukawa (1935). P  N + e+ + v (C) These are wrong equations based on an incomplete 1938 knowledge of the internal structure of the neutron. The next slide gives a reference from my first Chemistry book (I was 12!) showing that they did not know the neutrino has to be part of the neutron’s structure. 9

The 1938 Understanding of the NEUTRON 10

THE ONLY POSSIBLE NEUTRINOS 11

Proton and Neutron Characteristics 12

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FIRST CLAIM TO DETECT NEUTRINO 14

Cowan & Reines Experiment (1953) (1) The Savanna River Reactor Neutrino experiment was the first “big science” project after WWII. (2) Cowan & Reines proposed neutrinos could be detected in a never before demonstrated “neutrino induced” inverse beta decay. (3) The inverse beta decay was based on an incomplete knowledge of the internal structures for the proton and in the neutron. Vector particle physics, now gives the correct structures for the proton and neutron that shows inverse beta decay cannot occur. 15

LEFT HANDED NEUTRINO SPIN? In 1957, Goldhaber, Grodzins and Sunyar claimed to have indicated neutrino spin by measuring the photon from (EC) of Europium 152 to daughter Samarium 152. The theory was the neutrino is emitted in one direction, and the Samarium recoils in the other direction. But we know (EC) emits a photon not a neutrino. The Sm152 is isomeric and quickly de-excites by emitting a 960 keV photon, as the nucleons rearrange into a lower energy state. The neutrino energy is absorbed in the daughter Sm152 nucleus. No neutrino is emitted. 16

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R. Davis Neutrino Detection Experiments ( ) (A) In 1952 Davis investigated K electron capture in a effort to measure the recoil of the falsely supposed neutrino emission and was not able to measure the effect. (B) Davis in 1964 attempted to detect supposed solar neutrinos (we have shown they do not exist) by a solar flux (mainly from EC of Boron 8 due to Bahcall) in a South Dakota Lead mine one mile deep, to reduce cosmic-ray background. A 380,000 liters of C2Cl4 was supposed to create radioactive Ar37 (t=50.6 days) to detect an estimated 5 atoms a day. The Bahcall Boron 8 reaction will never produce high energy neutrinos, as shown in a later slide. 18

Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ( ) 19

NO neutrinos from B8(EC)Be8i 20

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