Introduction to spatial analyses and tools A proposal Against the background of the seven hypotheses presented in this document, the European Forum for Geostatistics (EFGS), under a generous grant from EUROSTAT, have from the beginning of this year started work on the GEOSTAT ESSnet project. The project consortium of nine NSI’s is led by Statistics Norway. The need to take action for the integration of geography and statistics should not be limited to the European scale.   We therefore propose: The establishment of a Global Forum For Geostatistics (GFGS) to serve as a professional reference group (PRG) for Geostatistics and provide a professional link between UN and the NSI’s in issues related to this field.. This PRG will primarily be concerned with questions related to the integration of geography (GSDI projects) and statistics (GEOSTAT) The initiation of a joint UN spatial data infrastructure (SDI) project for geostatistics. This is the first step towards a GSDI based Global Integrated Information System (GGIISS) and should be developed in close cooperation with the national mapping agency (NMA) -led GSDI and INSPIRE projects. The initiation of the GEOSTAT GSSgrid project to provide a high-resolution harmonised infrastructure for geostatistics liberated from administrative areas and demonstrating its power and utility through a UN project to plot the global population on km grids. Keywords: GSDI (Global Spatial Data Infrastructure), GSS (Global Statistical System), Small area statistics, GIS (Geographical Information System), GGIISS (Global Geographic Integrated Information Systems of Systems) Mrs Diana Makarenko-Piirsalu MSc in Landscape Ecology and Environmental Protection Geolytics OÜ Mere tee 15, Saviranna, Jõelähtme vald, Harjumaa, ESTONIA diana.m.piirsalu@gmx.ch Mob. +372 556 19 636 ESTP course on Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Use of GIS for making statistics in a production environment Statistics Norway, Oslo, 26th to 30th of March 2012 Attribution (by) Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits in the manner specified by these. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Topics What is spatial analyses? What are important and fundamental issues in spatial statistics? Examples of the spatial analyses types gvSIG incorporated spatial analyses and introduction SEXTANTE

What is spatial analyses? In statistics, spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. (Source: http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Spatial_analysis) The process of examining the locations, attributes, and relationships of features in spatial data through overlay and other analytical techniques in order to address a question or gain useful knowledge. Spatial analysis extracts or creates new information from spatial data. GIS Dictionary (Source:http://support.esri.com/en/knowledgebase/GISDictionary/term/spatial%20analysis )  In a very broad sense: answering to the question : „What happens where? “

Main steps of analysing reality spatially The aim is to create new knowledge Extracting or creating new information from spatial data Results Reality Raw Data Data Model Data collection Conceptualize Spatial analyses

What is important in spatial analyses? How geographic phenomena are arranged in the real world? We should consider the arrangement of geographic phenomena along discrete – continuous and abrupt – smooth continua Discrete phenomena occur at distinct locations with space in between Example: individual person in a city . Location can be specified for each person, with space between individuals Continuous phenomena occur throughout a geographic region of interest Example: elevation, every longitude and latitude position has a value above or below sea level. Discrete and continuous phenomena can also be considered as either abrupt or smooth. Example: Number of votes in local municipalities is abrupt phenomena and precipitations in a humid region are smooth.  

Continuos- discrete – abrupt – smooth phenomena Considering the distribution of geographic phenomena is important in selecting proper spatial analyses or appropriate method of symbolisation in visualising data in thematic mapping Source: Thematic cartography and geovisualization, T A. Solcum et al, 2009

Fundamental issues in spatial analyses A fundamental concept in geography is that nearby entities often share more similarities than entities which are far apart. This idea is known as „Tobler´s first law of geography„ - everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things„. Source: Tobler, W. (1970). A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic Geography, 46, Spatial auto-correlation – correlation of variables with itself through the space Possible causes: Simple correlation- whatever is causing an observation in one location also causes similar observations in nearby locations Causality - something at a given location directly influences the characteristics of nearby locations Source: http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Spatial_analysis

Fundamental issues in spatial analyses Spatial dependency or auto-correlation – correlation of variables with itself though the space Standard statistical techniques assume independence among observations Standard regression analyses may result in unreliable significance tests. Spatial regression models (for example - Geographically weighted regression - GWR ) capture these relationships and do not suffer from these weaknesses. It is also appropriate to view spatial dependency as a source of information rather than something to be corrected. Source: http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Spatial_analysis

Spatial autocorrelation statistics Measure the strength of spatial autocorrelation Test the assumption of independence or randomness Classic spatial autocorrelation statistics are: Moran´s I - compares the value of the variable at any one location with the variable at all other locations . The value of Moran´s I lies between 1 and +1. The higher the coeficient the stronger the aotocorrelation is. A random arrangement of square colors would give Moran's I a value that is close to 0. Geary ´s C – Geary's C is inversely related to Moran´s I, but it is not identical. The value of Geary's C lies between 0 and 2. 1 means no spatial autocorrelation. Smaller than 1 means positive spatial autocorrelation Moran's I is a measure of global spatial autocorrelation, while Geary's C is more sensitive to local spatial autocorrelation. Negative None Positive Source:http://en.wikipedia.org

Fundamental issues in spatial statistics – MAUP Modifiable areal unit problem MAUP is an issue in the analysis of spatial data arranged in zones, where the conclusion depends on the particular shape or size of the zones used in the analysis. spatial units are therefore arbitrary or modifiable and contain artifacts related to the degree of spatial aggregation or the placement of boundaries Example : Statistical units as NUTS, LAU etc MAUP can cause random variables to appear as if there is a significant association, when there is not. Multivariate regression parameters are more sensitive to MAUP than correlation coefficients http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Modifiable_areal_unit_problem#MAUP_sensitivity_analysis

Fundamental issues in spatial statistics Scale Spatial and temporal scale are still under the research in spatial analysis. ensuring that the conclusion of the analysis does not depend on any arbitrary scale. Using quantitative metrics which do not depended on the scale at which they were measured are the solution

What components of spatial dimensions can be analysed? Geometry Topology Pattern Proximity Accesibilty Dynamics Source: GITTA, 2012

Steps in spatial analyses Source:http://www.spatialanalysisonline.com/output/

Examples of spatial analyses types One of the GIS power is to cobine spatial data Overlay analyses – „What is on above what?“ Joining and viewing together separate data sets that share all or part of the same area The result of overlay analyses is a new data set that identifies the spatial relationships

Overlay analyse tools available in gvSIG: Clip Difference Intersection Union Spatial selection

Examples of spatial analyses types Proximity analyses – „What is close to ? „ How far is ..?“ Proximity analyse tools available in gvSIG Buffer Spatial join

Examples of spatial analyses types Network analyses – the spatial analysis of linear (line) features analyzing structure (connectivity pattern) of networks analyzing movement (flow) over the network system Costs (weights) can be analysed Network analyse tools available in gvSIG Shortest path Closest facility Service area

Examples of spatial analyses types Interpolation Spatial interpolation - estimating the value of properties at unsampled sites within the area covered by existing observations can be thought of as the reverse of the process used to select the few points from a DEM which accurately represent the surface rationale behind spatial interpolation Tobler´s first law of geography Source:http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/klink/gis.notes/ncgia/u40.html#SEC40.2

Examples of spatial analyses types Point pattern analyses The spatial pattern of distribution of point featrues Valid measure of the distribution are the number of occurances in the pattern and respective geographic location Spatial pattern of all points in the study area

Examples of spatial analyses types Neighbourhood analyses analyzes the relationship between an object and similar surrounding objects in a surface is based on local or neighborhood characteristics of the data computes an output grid where the value at each location is a function of the input cells within a specified neighborhood of the location computes an output grid where the value at each location is a function of the input cells within a specified neighborhood of the Source of pictures:http://www.esri.com

Examples of spatial analyses types Neighbourhood analyses algorithms in gvSIG can be found from SEXTANTE – Focal statistics

SEXTANTE http://www.sextantegis.com/ Developed by Victor Olaya

Main tools to use SEXTANTE in gvSIG

Main tools to use SEXTANTE in gvSIG

THANK YOU! ESTP course on Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Mrs Diana Makarenko-Piirsalu MSc in Landscape Ecology and Environmental Protection Geolytics OÜ Mere tee 15, Saviranna, Jõelähtme vald, Harjumaa, ESTONIA diana.m.piirsalu@gmx.ch Mob. +372 556 19 636 ESTP course on Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Use of GIS for making statistics in a production environment Statistics Norway, Oslo, 26th to 30th of March 2012