Department of Computer Science and Engineering OWL Ching-Long Yeh 葉慶隆 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Tatung University chingyeh@cse.ttu.edu.tw http://www.cse.ttu.edu.tw/chingyeh

OWL Introduction OWL can be used to explicitly represent the meaning of terms in vocabularies and the relationships between those terms. This representation of terms and their interrelationships is called an ontology. OWL has more facilities for expressing meaning and semantics than XML, RDF, and RDF-S, and thus OWL goes beyond these languages in its ability to represent machine interpretable content on the Web. OWL is a revision of the DAML+OIL web ontology language incorporating lessons learned from the design and application of DAML+OIL. From: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/ OWL

OWL Document Roadmap OWL is part of the growing stack of W3C recommendations related to the Semantic Web. XML provides a surface syntax for structured documents, but imposes no semantic constraints on the meaning of these documents. XML Schema is a language for restricting the structure of XML documents and also extends XML with datatypes. RDF is a data model for objects ("resources") and relations between them, provides a simple semantics for this data model, and these data models can be represented in an XML syntax. RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources, with a semantics for generalization-hierarchies of such properties and classes. OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes. From: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/ OWL

OWL Why The OWL Use Cases and Requirements Document provides more details on ontologies, motivates the need for a Web Ontology Language in terms of six use cases, and formulates design goals, requirements and objectives for OWL. OWL

OWL Six Use Cases Web portal Multimedia collections Corporate web site management Design documentation Agents and services Ubiquitous computing OWL

OWL Design Goals Shared ontologies Ontology evolution Ontology interoperability Inconsistency detection Balance of expressivity and scalability Ease of use Compatibility with other standards Internationalization OWL

OWL Requirements R1. Ontologies as distinct resources R2. Unambiguous concept referencing with URIs R3. Explicit ontology extension R4. Commitment to ontologies R5. Ontology metadata R6. Versioning information R7. Class definition primitives R8. Property definition primitives R9. Data types R10. Class and property equivalence R11. Individual equivalence R12. Attaching information to statements R13. Classes as instances R14. Cardinality constraints R15. XML syntax R16. User-displayable labels R17. Supporting a character model R18. Supporting a uniqueness of Unicode strings OWL

OWL Objectives O1. Layering of language features O2. Default property values O3. Ability to state closed worlds O4. Range constraints on data types O5. Chained properties O6. Effective decision procedure O7. Commitment to portions of ontologies O8. View mechanism O9. Integration of digital signatures O10. Arithmetic primitives O11. String manipulation O12. Aggregation and grouping O13. Procedural attachment O14. Local unique names assumptions O15. Complex data types OWL

The Three Sublanguages of OWL OWL Full maximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarantees OWL DL maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness OWL Lite a classification hierarchy and simple constraints OWL

OWL Lite Synopsis The list of OWL Lite language constructs RDF Schema Features: Class (Thing, Nothing) rdfs:subClassOf rdf:Property rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdfs:range Individual (In)Equality: equivalentClass equivalentProperty sameAs differentFrom AllDifferent distinctMembers Property Characteristics: ObjectProperty DatatypeProperty inverseOf TransitiveProperty SymmetricProperty FunctionalProperty InverseFunctionalProperty Property Restrictions: Restriction onProperty allValuesFrom someValuesFrom Restricted Cardinality: minCardinality (only 0 or 1) maxCardinality (only 0 or 1) cardinality (only 0 or 1) Header Information: Ontology imports Class Intersection: intersectionOf Versioning: versionInfo priorVersion backwardCompatibleWith incompatibleWith DeprecatedClass DeprecatedProperty Annotation Properties: rdfs:label rdfs:comment rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:isDefinedBy AnnotationProperty OntologyProperty Datatypes xsd datatypes OWL

OWL DL and Full Synopsis The list of OWL DL and OWL Full language constructs that are in addition to or expand those of OWL Lite is given below. Class Axioms: oneOf, dataRange disjointWith equivalentClass (applied to class expressions) rdfs:subClassOf (applied to class expressions) Boolean Combinations of Class Expressions: unionOf complementOf intersectionOf Arbitrary Cardinality: minCardinality maxCardinality cardinality Filler Information: hasValue OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite RDF Schema Features Class: A class defines a group of individuals that belong together because they share some properties. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Winery"/> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Region"/> <owl:Class rdf:ID="ConsumableThing"/> Organized in a specialization hierarchy using subClassOf A built-in most general class named Thing the class of all individuals and a superclass of all OWL classes A built-in most specific class named Nothing the class that has no instances and a subclass of all OWL classes OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite RDF Schema Features rdfs:subClassOf: Class hierarchies may be created by making one or more statements that a class is a subclass of another class. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Wine"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;PotableLiquid"/> <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">wine</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang="fr">vin</rdfs:label> ... </owl:Class> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Pasta"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EdibleThing" /> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite RDF Schema Features rdf:Property: Properties can be used to state relationships between individuals or from individuals to data values. hasChild a person a person subclasses of the RDF class rdf:Property hasRelative a person a person occurrences of ObjectProperty hasSibling a person a person hasAge occurrences of DatatypeProperty a person an integer OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite RDF Schema Features rdfs:subPropertyOf: Property hierarchies may be created by making one or more statements that a property is a subproperty of one or more other properties. For example, hasSibling may be stated to be a subproperty of hasRelative. hasSibling a person a person deduce <owl:Class rdf:ID="WineDescriptor" /> <owl:Class rdf:ID="WineColor"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#WineDescriptor" /> ... </owl:Class> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasWineDescriptor"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Wine" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#WineDescriptor" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasColor"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasWineDescriptor" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#WineColor" /> hasRelative a person a person OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite RDF Schema Features rdfs:domain: A domain of a property limits the individuals to which the property can be applied. rdfs:range: The range of a property limits the individuals that the property may have as its value. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="madeFromGrape"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Wine"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#WineGrape"/> </owl:ObjectProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="course"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Meal" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#MealCourse" /> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite RDF Schema Features Individual : Individuals are instances of classes, and properties may be used to relate one individual to another. <owl:Class rdf:ID="WineGrape"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;Grape" /> </owl:Class> <WineGrape rdf:ID="CabernetSauvignonGrape" /> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Equality and Inequality equivalentClass : Two classes may be stated to be equivalent. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Wine"> <owl:equivalentClass rdf:resource="&vin;Wine"/> </owl:Class> The Wine class in the food ontology is precisely the same as the existing wine ontology. equivalentProperty: Two properties may be stated to be equivalent. OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Equality and Inequality sameAs: Two individuals may be stated to be the same. <Wine rdf:ID="MikesFavoriteWine"> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="#StGenevieveTexasWhite" /> </Wine> differentFrom: An individual may be stated to be different from other individuals. <WineSugar rdf:ID="Dry" /> <WineSugar rdf:ID="Sweet"> <owl:differentFrom rdf:resource="#Dry"/> </WineSugar> <WineSugar rdf:ID="OffDry"> <owl:differentFrom rdf:resource="#Sweet"/> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Equality and Inequality AllDifferent: A number of individuals may be stated to be mutually distinct in one AllDifferent statement. <owl:AllDifferent> <owl:distinctMembers rdf:parseType="Collection"> <vin:WineColor rdf:about="#Red" /> <vin:WineColor rdf:about="#White" /> <vin:WineColor rdf:about="#Rose" /> </owl:distinctMembers> </owl:AllDifferent> Note that owl:distinctMembers can only be used in combination with owl:AllDifferent OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Characteristics inverseOf: One property may be stated to be the inverse of another property. If a property, P1, is tagged as the owl:inverseOf P2, then for all x and y: P1(x,y) iff P2(y,x) <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasMaker"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="producesWine"> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasMaker" /> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Characteristics TransitiveProperty: Properties may be stated to be transitive. If a property, P, is specified as transitive then for any x, y, and z: P(x,y) and P(y,z) implies P(x,z) <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="locatedIn"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;TransitiveProperty" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&owl;Thing" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Region" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <Region rdf:ID="SantaCruzMountainsRegion"> <locatedIn rdf:resource="#CaliforniaRegion" /> </Region> <Region rdf:ID="CaliforniaRegion"> <locatedIn rdf:resource="#USRegion" /> x= SantaCruzMountainsRegion y= CaliforniaRegion z= USRegion P= locatedIn P P and x y y z implies P x z OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Characteristics SymmetricProperty: Properties may be stated to be symmetric. If a property, P, is tagged as symmetric then for any x and y: P(x,y) iff P(y,x) <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="adjacentRegion"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;SymmetricProperty" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Region" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Region" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> <Region rdf:ID="MendocinoRegion"> <locatedIn rdf:resource="#CaliforniaRegion" /> <adjacentRegion rdf:resource="#SonomaRegion" /> </Region> The MendocinoRegion is adjacent to the SonomaRegion and vice-versa. The MendocinoRegion is located in the CaliforniaRegion but not vice versa. OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Characteristics FunctionalProperty : Properties may be stated to have a unique value. If a property, P, is tagged as functional then for all x, y, and z: P(x,y) and P(x,z) implies y = z <owl:Class rdf:ID="VintageYear" /> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasVintageYear"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;FunctionalProperty" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Vintage" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#VintageYear" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Characteristics InverseFunctionalProperty: Properties may be stated to be inverse functional. If a property, P, is tagged as InverseFunctional then for all x, y and z: P(y,x) and P(z,x) implies y = z <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasMaker" /> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="producesWine"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="&owl;InverseFunctionalProperty" /> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasMaker" /> </owl:ObjectProperty> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Restrictions allValuesFrom: The restriction allValuesFrom is stated on a property with respect to a class. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Wine"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;PotableLiquid" /> ... <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasMaker" /> <owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Winery" /> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class> The maker of a Wine must be a Winery. The allValuesFrom restriction is on the hasMaker property of this Wine class only. Makers of Cheese are not constrained by this local restriction. OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Restrictions someValuesFrom: The restriction someValuesFrom is stated on a property with respect to a class. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Wine"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&food;PotableLiquid" /> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasMaker" /> <owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Winery" /> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> ... </owl:Class> allValuesFrom For all wines, if they have makers, all the makers are wineries. someValuesFrom For all wines, they have at least one maker that is a winery. OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Restrictions minCardinality, maxCardinality : Cardinality is stated on a property with respect to a particular class. Cardinality expressions with values limited to 0 or 1 are part of OWL Lite. This permits the user to indicate 'at least one', 'no more than one', and 'exactly one'. Positive integer values other than 0 and 1 are permitted in OWL DL. owl:maxCardinality can be used to specify an upper bound. owl:minCardinality can be used to specify a lower bound. OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Property Restrictions cardinality: Cardinality is provided as a convenience when it is useful to state that a property on a class has both minCardinality 0 and maxCardinality 0 or both minCardinality 1 and maxCardinality 1. owl:cardinality, which permits the specification of exactly the number of elements in a relation. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Vintage"> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasVintageYear"/> <owl:cardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:cardinality> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Class Intersection intersectionOf: OWL Lite allows intersections of named classes and restrictions. <owl:Class rdf:ID="WhiteWine"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Wine" /> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasColor" /> <owl:hasValue rdf:resource="#White" /> </owl:Restriction> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Datatypes OWL uses most of the built-in XML Schema datatypes. The following datatypes are recommended for use with OWL: xsd:string xsd:normalizedString xsd:boolean xsd:decimal xsd:float xsd:double xsd:integer xsd:nonNegativeInteger xsd:positiveInteger xsd:nonPositiveInteger xsd:negativeInteger xsd:long xsd:int xsd:short xsd:byte xsd:unsignedLong xsd:unsignedInt xsd:unsignedShort xsd:unsignedByte xsd:hexBinary xsd:base64Binary xsd:dateTime xsd:time xsd:date xsd:gYearMonth xsd:gYear xsd:gMonthDay xsd:gDay xsd:gMonth xsd:anyURI xsd:token xsd:language xsd:NMTOKEN xsd:Name xsd:NCName <owl:Class rdf:ID="VintageYear" /> <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="yearValue"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#VintageYear" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;positiveInteger"/> </owl:DatatypeProperty> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Header Information OWL Lite supports notions of ontology inclusion and relationships and attaching information to ontologies. <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> <owl:versionInfo>v 1.17 2003/02/26 12:56:51 mdean</owl:versionInfo> <rdfs:comment>An example ontology</rdfs:comment> <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/foo"/> </owl:Ontology> OWL

Language Description of OWL Lite OWL Lite Annotation Properties and Versioning OWL Lite allows annotations on classes, properties, individuals and ontology headers. RDF already has a small vocabulary for describing versioning information. OWL significantly extends this vocabulary. OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full Both OWL DL and OWL Full use the same vocabulary although OWL DL is subject to some restrictions. Roughly, OWL DL requires type separation (a class can not also be an individual or property, a property can not also be an individual or class). This implies that restrictions cannot be applied to the language elements of OWL itself (something that is allowed in OWL Full). Furthermore, OWL DL requires that properties are either ObjectProperties or DatatypeProperties The OWL Semantics and Abstract Syntax document explains the distinctions and limitations. We describe the OWL DL and OWL Full vocabulary that extends the constructions of OWL Lite below. OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full oneOf: (enumerated classes): Classes can be described by enumeration of the individuals that make up the class. <owl:Class rdf:ID="WineColor"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#WineDescriptor"/> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#White"/> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Rose"/> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Red"/> </owl:oneOf> </owl:Class> OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full hasValue: (property values): A property can be required to have a certain individual as a value (also sometimes referred to as property values). <owl:Class rdf:ID="Burgundy"> ... <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasSugar" /> <owl:hasValue rdf:resource="#Dry" /> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class> OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full disjointWith: Classes may be stated to be disjoint from each other. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Pasta"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EdibleThing"/> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Meat"/> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Fowl"/> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Seafood"/> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Dessert"/> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Fruit"/> </owl:Class> OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full unionOf, complementOf, intersectionOf (Boolean combinations): OWL DL and OWL Full allow arbitrary Boolean combinations of classes and restrictions: unionOf, complementOf, and intersectionOf. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fruit"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#SweetFruit" /> <owl:Class rdf:about="#NonSweetFruit" /> </owl:unionOf> </owl:Class> <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fruit"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#SweetFruit" /> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#NonSweetFruit" /> </owl:Class> OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full minCardinality, maxCardinality, cardinality (full cardinality): While in OWL Lite, cardinalities are restricted to at least, at most or exactly 1 or 0, full OWL allows cardinality statements for arbitrary non-negative integers. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Vintage"> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasVintageYear"/> <owl:cardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">1</owl:cardinality> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class> OWL

Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL Full complex classes : In many constructs, OWL Lite restricts the syntax to single class names (e.g. in subClassOf or equivalentClass statements). OWL Full extends this restriction to allow arbitrarily complex class descriptions, consisting of enumerated classes, property restrictions, and Boolean combinations. Also, OWL Full allows classes to be used as instances (and OWL DL and OWL Lite do not). OWL