How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 Extinct 2 Long Time with 1 Archaebacteria Archezoans Multicellular Animals Protozoans Green Algae Bryophytes Slime Molds Myxozoans True Fungi Bacteria Euglenoids Chrysophytes Brown Algae Red algae Tracheophytes 8 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

Animal Features Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Ingestion Collagen Protein Connections Nerve and Muscle Tissues Diplontic (Gametic) Life History Gametes Oogamous with Flagellated Sperm Zygote to Blastula, perhaps Gastrulation Larval metamorphosis into Adult Ontogeny Recapitulating Phylogeny

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Nematoda Animals Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Nematoda

Nematode Body Organization http://www.ua.es/dpto/dcarn/fitopatologia/Images/Celegans1.jpg Nematode Body Organization http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/nematode/nem_fig1.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa/nematodexssm.gif

embryo in shell of zygote Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacteriovorous soil nematode, feeds on E. coli in vitro, is a genetic model organism, its genome is sequenced. N=6 XX=hermaphrodite XO=male protandrous http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/c-elegans.gif Life cycle: 3 days at 20°C vulva http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/Celegans/Images/fig5.JPG embryo in shell of zygote anus mouth http://www.esa.int/export/images/Ce_400.jpg

syngamy meiosis protandrous http://nema.cap.ed.ac.uk/Caenorhabditis/C_elegans_genome/celeganslifecycle.jpg

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida Animals Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida

Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid Mouth feeds in sediments Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg

Lumbricus terrestris: Canadian nightcrawler or Earthworm http://iris.cnice.mecd.es/biosfera/alumno/1bachillerato/animal/imagenes/nervio/lumbricus.jpg clitellum edge of ventral reproductive structures mouth anus

The earthworm body is fundamentally segmented The earthworm body is fundamentally segmented. Here is a typical segment: Each segment is filled with coelomic fluid, under some pressure, which provides “stiffness.” The segments near the head are specialized for other physiological functions. http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/142003_Annelida.jpg

Circulatory: Gases, Nutrients, Wastes Major Organ Systems in an Earthworm Excretory: Reproductive: Male Female Circulatory: Gases, Nutrients, Wastes http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab__12_annel_arthro/images/lumbr_diagr_dissection.jpg Digestive: Food Intake Nutrient Absorption Muscular: Movement Dermal: Gas Exchange Nervous: Sensory and Coordination

http://myhome.naver.com/c65hoi5/c3/c33236.jpg

Segments separated by partitions that divide coelom Characteristics More than 100 segments Segments separated by partitions that divide coelom Segments identical except when specialized and fused Anterior and posterior ends Cephalization specialized for burrowing Head contains sense organs Circular and longitudinal muscles http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm 1    Mouth 2    Prostomium 3    Segment 4    Spermathecal openings 5    Female (oviduct) opening 6    Male (vas deferens) opening 7    Sperm groove 8    Papilla 9    Clitellum (saddle) 10    Paired setae (ventro-lateral) 11    Anus 12    Dorsal surface 13    Ventral surface   http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20external%20form.htm

Setae anchored during movement Circular muscles contract Hydrostatic pressure increases in anterior coelomic cavities Body elongates pushing head forward Anterior setae grip ground Longitudinal muscles contract--posterior pulled along Coelomic divisions allow simultaneous contraction and expansion of segments http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm A    External view B    Section through segment 1    Coelom 2    Circular muscle 3    Cuticle 4    Intestine 5    Dorsal blood vessel 6    Typhlosole 7    Epidermis 8    Nephridium 9    Longitudinal muscle 10    Seta 11    Protractor muscle 12    Retractor muscle 13    Ventral nerve cord 14    Subneural vessel 15    Ventral vessel 16    Septum http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20muscle%20system.htm

Light receptors on head and tail--sense direction Nervous Sensitive to tough, light, moisture, chemicals, temperature, and vibrations Light receptors on head and tail--sense direction Most sense organs and nerves control muscle contractions in individual segments Pair of ganglia in each segment coordinate movement with adjacent segments Cerebral ganglion in head controls total body Ventral nerve cord connects brain with ganglia http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm 1    Anus 2    Intestine 3    Cerebral ganglion 4    Prostomium 5    Mouth 6    Nerve collar 7    Segmental ganglion 8    Pharynx 9    Esophagus 10    Segmental nerve 11    Crop 12    Gizzard 13    Ventral nerve cord http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20digestive%20and%20nervous%20systems.htm

Feed on organic matter in soil Digest organic matter Feeding Feed on organic matter in soil Digest organic matter Wastes and undigested soil eliminated as casting Loosens and aerates soil Digestion Soil sucked in by pharynx -> esophagus -> crop (storage) -> gizzard (grinds soil releasing organic matter) -> intestine (nutrients absorbed) http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm 1    Anus 2    Intestine 3    Cerebral ganglion 4    Prostomium 5    Mouth 6    Nerve collar 7    Segmental ganglion 8    Pharynx 9    Esophagus 10    Segmental nerve 11    Crop 12    Gizzard 13    Ventral nerve cord http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20digestive%20and%20nervous%20systems.htm

Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes Circulation Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes Flow of blood toward posterior via ventral blood vessel Flow of blood toward anterior via dorsal blood vessel 5 pair of aortic arches link vessels near anterior Smaller vessels branch into segments Contraction of ventral vessel and aortic arches forces blood through body http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm 1    Anus 2    Dorso-subneural vessel 3    Intestine 4    Dorsal vessel 5    Hearts (aortic arches) 6    Mouth 7    Ventral vessel 8    Subneural vessel   http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20circulatory%20system.htm

Lack gills or lungs--oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across skin Gas Exchange Lack gills or lungs--oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across skin Requires moist skin, thin cuticle, mucus secretion…limits habitat! Excretion Elimination of nitrogen wastes Long tubules (nephridia) excrete wastes Coelomic fluid enters nephridium through ciliated funnel opening Some water reabsorbed by blood Remaining fluid excreted through ventral pores http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm A    External view B    Excretory system (nephridium) C-D    Reproductive system C    Lateral view D    Dorsal view 1    Nephrostome 2    Septum 3    Ciliated tube 4    Bladder 5    Nephridiopore 6    Body wall http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20excretory%20and%20reproductive%20systems.htm

Hermaphrodites--cannot self fertilize Worms join head to tail Reproduction Hermaphrodites--cannot self fertilize Worms join head to tail Form mucus coat around bodies--each inject sperm into mucus Sperm move to seminal receptacle Eggs move through oviducts to female genital pore Clitellum secretes mucus and chitinous sheath Worm wiggles to slip off sheath Eggs and sperm join A    External view B    Excretory system (nephridium) C-D    Reproductive system C    Lateral view D    Dorsal view 1    Nephrostome 2    Septum 3    Ciliated tube 4    Bladder 5    Nephridiopore 6    Body wall 7    Seminal vesicle 8    Testis 9    Egg sac 10    Male opening 11    Female opening 12    Oviduct 13    Ovary 14    Sperm duct (vas deferens) 15    Opening to sperm-receiving sac 16    Sperm-receiving sac (spermatheca) http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20excretory%20and%20reproductive%20systems.htm

http://biog-101-104. bio. cornell http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/worm_stuff/worm_ventral.html http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/worms_mating.jpg http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm

Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist similar to the choanoflagellates flagellum http://192.171.163.165/pil/Choanoflagellate_spp..jpg One step in this evolution is to become colonial. Here are the choanocytes of one of the simplest of sponges. Basically the most primitive animals. collar cell body http://ebiomedia.com/downloads/sponges.pdf Of course the other required step is to eliminate the chloroplasts of the choanoflagellate (Chrysophyta!).

Evolution of Body Organization Sponge, Cnidarian spongocoel Planarian gastrovascular cavity Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm Nematode pseudocoelom 2-layered 3-layered digestive tract Acoelomate Annelid coelom Pseudocoelomate Coelomate

Development or Evolution? cleavage zygote blastula 2-layered acoelomate body plan

Origin of Mesoderm Cnidarians Protostome Phyla Deuterostome Phyla Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Origin of Mesoderm Cnidarians Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Protostome Phyla blastocoel archenteron Deuterostome Phyla (except vertebrates) blastopore mouth mouth anus

The Animal Clade Extant Platyhelminthes acoelomates Arthropoda Annelida Mollusca protostomia Nematoda Rotifera pseudo-coelomates Hemichordata Echinodermata Porifera parazoa Cnidaria Chordata deuterostomia coelomates radiata This cladogram omits several smaller animal phyla! bilateria eumetazoa (true tissues) loss of chloroplast, colonial organization Ancestral Choanoflagellate