Bovine Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt MPH DVM Chapter 13

Bovine Ectoparasites Limit production Disease Season: – spring and summer – SE Texas's all year-round Phylum Arthropoda – Flies: Class: Insecta and Order: Diptera – Ticks, mites: Class: Arachnida ; Order: Ixodida Heartwater ticks shown feeding on a cow

Bovine Ectoparasites - Taxonomy Biting Flies: piercing mouthparts adapted for blood sucking – Horn fly: Siphona (Haematobia) irritans – Stable Fly: Stomoxys Calcitrans – Horse (Tabanus sp.) and Deer Flies (Chrysops sp.) – Screw worm fly: Cochliomyia hominivorax – Gnats: Simulium and Culicoides Non-biting Flies – Face fly: Musca autumnalis Myiasis – Common cattle grub : Hypoderma lineatum – Northern cattle grub : Hypoderma bovis – Screworm: Cochliomyia hominivorax Lice Chewing lice: Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis – Sucking lice: longnosed cattle louse: Linognathus vituli shortnosed cattle louse: Haematopinus eurysternus Mites Sarcoptes Chorioptes Psoroptes Demodex bovis Mosquitoes Ticks

Flies 1 pair of wings complete metamorphosis ~ 20 families of flies are of veterinary importance House Fly CREDITS: J. F. Butler, University of Florida

Flies Comparison of the horn fly to the stable fly, house fly, and face fly. Photo: Photo: John B. Campbell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Face fly: Musca autumnalis:

Horn Fly: Siphona (Haematobia) irritans Serious pests in TX C.S: pain, irritation, weight loss, low milk production, +/- open sores; secondary infections pierces the skin to blood feed persistent biter. Horn fly: greatest economic loss in US cattle

Horn flies congregate along the back and sides of cattle: SMALL AVID FEEDERS

Horn Fly: Siphona (Haematobia) irritans Lifecycle: 10 – 14 days – Eggs: laid in fresh (~ 10 min. of dropping) manure. – Larvae: hatch ~18 hours and feed on the dung > through 3 stages in days. – Pupal stage: lasts 3 to 5 days > adults which emerge have a preoviposition period of 3 days. – Mating on the host females can lay about 200 eggs in their lifetime Tx: pyrethroid or organophosphate impregnated ear-tags and pour on’s (ivermectin): General for all ectoparasites

Stable Flies: Stomoxys calcitrans mechanical transmitters – anthrax – anaplasmosis Like house fly but the bayonet-like mouthparts of the differentiate it from the house fly. both sexes: biters. C.S: irritation, lethargy (blood loss in severe cases); bite wounds and secondary infections Tx: pour on’s sprays, remove feces and spoiled hay and grain SMALL AVID FEEDERS

Horse (Tabanus sp.) and Deer Flies (Chrysops sp.) Deer Flies (Chrysops spp.) BOTH: Only females bite. Daytime feeders: vicious biters. Horse (Tabanus spp.) painful bites: stampedes Transmit: Anaplasmosis, tularemia, anthrax

Gnats Simulium and Culicoides are both small gnats that have painful bites. Culicoides

Face Fly: Musca autumnalis Feeds on tears, saliva and mucus. Annoying Mechanical carries: – Moraxella bovis – IBR – Thelazia spp (eyeworms)

Myiasis: infestation of vertebrates by dipteran larvae (maggots)

Myiasis U.S: Cattle warbles – common cattle grub: Hypoderma lineatum LC: eggs – hair of cattle > maggots – skin > esophageal > pupa – northern cattle grub: Hypoderma bovis LC: eggs – hair of cattle > maggots – skin > spinal cord > pupa Lifecycle: months Clinical signs – damage - tissues and hide, reduction of weight gain TX: before esophagus/ spinal cord > death: Sprays and dips using coumaphos or phosmet, Pour-on formulations of famphur, fenthion, ivermectin, and phosmet Heel flies

Myiasis Screwworm: Cochliomyia hominivorax LC: 3 weeks: Larvae > fly will bore into live tissue maturing Very pathogenic and high mortality – feeds exclusively on live flesh Eradicated in US in 1966: introduced sterile males – REPORTABLE: cost producers $75 million if back in US

LICE – LOUSE: Pediculosis

Entire lifecycle on host Transmitted: direct contact – introduction of carrier animals LOUSE

LOUSE: Mallophaga Chewing lice: order Mallophaga – Little red louse: Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis LC: 4 wks. Fall and winter: brisket/leg/in between legs C.S: pruritus, unthrifty appearance and a rough coat Damalinia bovis, male. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

LOUSE: Anoplura Sucking lice: order Anoplura – longnosed cattle louse: Linognathus vituli – shortnosed cattle louse: Haematopinus eurysternus Head/ neck/ brisket: winter to early spring LC: 4 wks. C.S: pruritus, unthrifty appearance and a rough coat, anemia (rare severe infestation) Linognathus vituli, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial Haematopinus eurysternus, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

MITES: MANGE

Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, and Psoroptes can be easily differentiated by leg stalk characteristic and mouthparts. Speciation is more difficult and usually requires an expert acarologist. SarcoptesChorioptes Psoroptes

Mange Mites Sarcoptes scabiel Transmission: contagious, spread by direct contact or indirectly by fomites. LC: 3 weeks CS: head, neck, and shoulders: pruritus is intense, papules develop into crusts Diagnosis: deep skin scrapings Zoonotic and reportable Sarcoptes scabiei var bovis, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

Mange Mites Psoroptes spp (most damaging) LC: 3 wks. C.S.: Intense pruritus, lichenification, secondary bacterial infections, weight loss, dec. milk production Signalment: calves Dx: skin scrapings Psoroptes ovis, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

Mange Mites Leg mange: Chorioptes spp. most common type of mange in cattle in the USA L.C: 3 weeks C.S: papules, crusts, and ulcerations on the legs and can spread to the udder, scrotum, tail, and perineal area Reportable in some states Chorioptes bovis, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

Mange Mites Demodex bovis C.S: damages hide, follicular papules and nodules: withers, neck, back, and flanks Dx: deep skin scrapings Usually resolves with time

Mange lesions

Mosquitoes Mosquitoes are small insects: piercing-sucking mouthparts Female mosquitoes suck blood C.S: painful bites, unthriftiness, and occasionally death by suffocation or heavy blood loss

TICKS

Body is a fusion of the thorax and abdomen produces a sac- like, leathery appearance. Class Arachnida Bears recurved teeth 4 developmental stages: egg, 6-legged seed or larval stage, 8- legged nymphal stage and 8-legged adult.

Babesiosis Babesiosis: Red water fever – Boophilus annulatus Vector for Babesia bigemina: PROTOZOA – L.C: May/June, moving cattle to new pasture – Signalment: Cattle, small ruminants, water buffalo, reindeer, American bison – C.S: inflammation, itching and swelling at the bite site, regenerative anemia: red urine, abortion, unthrifty, neurological signs (seizures, blindness) – Dx: blood smear – Tx: tetracycline Babesia/ Piroplasmosis in blood smear: Wright or giemsa stain

Anaplasmosis Transmission – Vector borne Ticks: Dermacentor andersoni, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Hyalomma, and Ornithodoros – blood sucking flies and mosquitoes. – mechanical vector: scalpels, needles, and tatoo – Organism: Anaplasma marginale, rickettsial Signalment: cattle, sheep, goats, wild ruminants; > 3 yrs; carriers for life, bos taurus RMSF

Anaplasmosis C.S: progressive anemia peracute Acute: febrile, lose condition rapidly, anorexia, dec. milk production, GI: constipation, depressed rumination, brown urine (hemoglobinuria does not occur), abortions, cerebral anoxia > aggressive Tx: tetracycline Anaplasma marginale infection in bovine blood, Wright- Giemsa, 100X oil immersion. Intracellular organisms appear as basophilic, spherical inclusions that are generally located near the margin of erythrocytes. Frequent echinocytes are present. The hemat Courtesy of Dr. John W. Harvey

References Holtgrew-Bohling, Kristin, Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians, 2 nd edition, Elsevier, 2012 Holtgrew-Bohling, Kristin, Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians, 2 nd edition, Elsevier, /VTMD-7000web.pdf /VTMD-7000web.pdf events/anaplasmosis-iowa events/anaplasmosis-iowa 5 minute veterinary consult: Ruminant state.edu/depts/vmth/agpract/articles/Common_Flies.pdf state.edu/depts/vmth/agpract/articles/Common_Flies.pdf 7/class_notes.htm#Ectoparasites_of_cattle 7/class_notes.htm#Ectoparasites_of_cattle

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