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NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Where Next with Space Missions for Exoplanets? There Has Been Stunning Progress in Study of Exoplanets –It takes 10 to 20 years to launch a space observatory –14 years ago this field didn’t exist –where will it be in 20 years with or without space???? A Space Exoplanet Mission Must Have A –Dramatic Leap In Sensitivity and Inner Working Angle –High Quality Spectroscopy –Capability WAAAAAY Beyond What We have Seen So Far Otherwise the Mission Will Be Rendered Mundane In Short We Need High Quality Spectroscopy of Earth-twins –And broad capability to study planetary systems in detail –Anything less would be a gamble

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug NWO Team Membership: Organizations, Roles and Leads Team consist of 43 active members –9 organizations are participating Additional involvement is provided from each organization and includes technical area experts and graduate/undergraduate students Organizations, Roles and Leads: –Colorado University: PI, Science, Optical Design, and Systems Analysis: Webster Cash –Northrop Grumman: Deputy PI and Starshade Development: Amy Lo –Ball Aerospace Technology Corporation: Telescope Development: Charley Noecker –USNO: Astrometry: Ralph Gaume –NASA GRC: Occulter (Starshade) Propulsion: Scott Benson –KinetX: Mission Design and Navigation: Bobby Williams –GSI: Lead Scientist: Maggie Turnbull –University College of London: Exoplanet Spectra Modeling: Giovanna Tinetti –NASA GSFC: Study Management: Kate Hartman –Space Telescope Science Institute: JWST Interface: Remi Soummer

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Stars are very bright and their glare makes it difficult to see fainter objects near them

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Starshade prevents starlight from entering the telescope The telescope is shaded from the star by the starshade –Besides the vanishingly small residual signal, the starlight does not enter the telescope Starshade 100% of the planet light is reaches the telescope

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Fly the Telescope into the Shadow

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Dropping It In Note: No Outer Working Angle

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Extinguishing The Spot of Arago Occulters Have Very Poor Diffraction Performance –The 1818 Prediction of Fresnel led to the famous episode of: –Spot of Arago (variously Poission’s Spot) –Occulters Often Concentrate Light! Must satisfy Fresnel Equation, Not Just the Fraunhoffer Equation Must Create a Zone That Is: –Deep Below diffraction –Wide A couple meters minimum –Broad Suppress across at least one octave of spectrum Must Be Practical –Binary Non-transmitting to avoid scatter –Size Below 150m Diameter –Tolerance Insensitive to microscopic errors

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug NWO has an Opaque Starshade Opaque Starshade Offset Hypergaussian function Apodization Function Apodizing Function Radius Transmission Parameter Occulter inner radiusa Petal 1/e lengthb Hypergaussian ordern Distance to telescopez Number of petalsP

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Performance A 50m diameter occulter at 80,000km can reveal Earths at over 20pc

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Target Stars: Exo-zodiacal Light From P. Oakley 1.5m 2.4m 4m 10m 4m Case

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Map Planetary Systems Prime Goal is Exploration of the Solar Neighborhood NWO will allow us to make maps of over 100 nearby planetary systems from the habitable zone outward Detect and classify all major planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Zodiacal Light Galaxies 10 arcseconds

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Four Color Photometry – Molecules!!

Export Control Notice Export or re-export of information contained herein may be subject to restrictions and requirements of U.S. export laws and regulations and may require advance authorization from the U.S. Government. Simulated Image of Earth with starshade and JWST

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Planet Finding with Starshades Five Random Systems from Raymond Database The higher resolution of ATLAST brings weak signals out of the noise ATLAST JWST

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Confusion from dust structure −“Is that a planet or a dust clump?” −Can we tell by its color before wasting time on a spectrum? Greaves et al. (2005) Epsilon Eridani Other Exozodi Issues Maybe … −Solar System zodi has red scattered light color −Known debris disks show red, grey, & blue colors AU Mic Blue HD Neutral Beta Pic Red

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Target Stars: Exposure Times i = 60˚ From A. Roberge

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Where to Look for ExoEarths? Entire habitable zone : ~ 110 stars Half of habitable zone : ~280 stars NWO blue IWA 40 mas Contrast ~ NWO red IWA 65 mas

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Importance of Inner Working Angle Once you can study all the stars with correctly-sized Habitable Zones, there is no further advantage in being able to study more. New Worlds can do this.

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Study Exoplanets NWO will perform spectroscopy of discovered planets This will reveal their true natures O2O2 H2OH2O CH 4 NH 3

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Spectroscopy of Earths JWST ATLAST High Resolution Fine Structure!

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Characterizing Planets: Photometric Variability From P. Oakley

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug % of Time Available for Other Astrophysics 1.The “NWO Deep Field” 2.Galaxy interactions and evolution 3.Stellar evolution 4.The Solar System KBO UB313

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug NWO Flagship Mission – ASMCS Study Starshade and Telescope on single EELV Stacked configuration Starshade and telescope deploy ~50 m starshade 72,000 km 4 m telescope Earth to L2 = 1.5 million km Suppression IWA mas Wavelength120 – 900 nm Total pointings Slewing time9 -13 days Observation time days Simulation from E. Shindhelm, CU

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Tall Poles Deployment of 50m shade to cm class tolerances Acquiring and holding line of sight Fuel usage, orbits and number of targets Stray Light – particularly solar

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Starshade Critical Technology Enabling Technologies Precision Shape Control Maintain edge position Maintain structure shape Precision Deployment Minimize jitter Maintain petal location Opaque Membrane Maintain opacity Lightweight 2 Axes Formation Flying Maintain 1m alignment Minimize jitter Enhancing Technologies Solar Electric Propulsion NEXT engine Increase observable targets Reduce propellant mass Lightweight S/C Structures Increase observable targets Reduce overall mass Thin Edge Treatment Maintain edge stability Minimize stray light

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Lab Studies

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug NGS Starshade with HID source, 1000s integration Total suppression within 200 pixel radius = 8.8e-006 wire Wire 3.9e-7 wire Wire 4.3e-7 (Chamber door open) Chamber door closed

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug CU/NIST starshade, 200s 200 micron entrance pinhole, iris=10mm, 4/24/09 data Total suppression within 200 pixel radius = 3.0e e e e-006 Contrast at points where mount wires cross petal edges

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug e-010 6/19/07 Image sec

NWO Science Telescope 25 Aug Conclusion By 2025 O2O2 H2OH2O By 2013 Demonstration Program Study Earths with JWST 2015 Lifefinder 2022 Planet Imager – 2030?