Outline Motivation Search for dark photons Search for dark photons Search for long-live particles Search for  0 -like new particles Conclusions and outlook G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014 2

Introduction: Astrophysics Results In 2010, the Pamela experiment reported a positron excess that is increasing with energy above 10 GeV with energy above 10 GeV This was confirmed in 2012 by the Fermi LAT by the Fermi LAT In 2014, AMS showed more higher precision data up to higher precision data up to 300 GeV confirming an 300 GeV confirming an increase in e + fraction in the increase in e + fraction in the GeV energy range GeV energy range AMS has not observed an excess of anti protons in excess of anti protons in the same energy range the same energy range Though an astrophysical explanation is possible, explanation is possible, theorists have come up theorists have come up with new dark matter scenarios favoring light particles with new dark matter scenarios favoring light particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ Pamela., Nature 458, 607(2009) Fermi, PRL 108, (2012) AMS, PRL 110, (2013)

Link between SM and Dark Matter In the past, dark matter particles have been associated with new heavy particles predicted in extensions of the Standard Model (SM), e.g. neutralinos particles predicted in extensions of the Standard Model (SM), e.g. neutralinos There are several searches for WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) The observation by Pamela has triggered light-mass dark matter scenarios The SM may be connected to the dark sector through so-called portals, these links are the lowest-dimensional operators that may provide coupling of the links are the lowest-dimensional operators that may provide coupling of the dark sector to the SM (higher-dimensional operators are mass suppressed) dark sector to the SM (higher-dimensional operators are mass suppressed) Vector:  F Y,  F’  hidden photon (new U(1) symmetry) Axion:f a -1 F  F  a  axion Scalar: H 2 S 2 +  H 2 Shidden scalar/exotic decays Neutrino:  (H l )Nsterile neutrino At low energy scale, the light vector portal is the most accessible portal, but the scalar portal can be probed as well but the scalar portal can be probed as well G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ PLB 662, 53 (2008)

Previous BABAR Searches Search for Higgsstrahlung in e + e - → h’A’, h’ → A’A’  set 90% CL upper limit on  D  2 between to from m A’ )  D  2 between to from m A’ ) Search for  (2S,3S) →  A 0, A 0 →       set 90% CL upper limit on branching fraction at level of ( )×10 -6 in fraction at level of ( )×10 -6 in 0.21<m A 0 <10.1 GeV 0.21<m A 0 <10.1 GeV Further Searches for  (2S, 3S) →  A 0, Further Searches for  (2S, 3S) →  A 0, A 0 →      hadrons, invisible A 0 →      hadrons, invisible   set similar 90% CL  upper limit on branching fractions branching fractions  Search for  (1S) →  A 0, A 0 → gg, ss  set 90% CL upper limit on branching  fraction at level of to  in 1.5.<m A 0 <9.0 GeV 5 PRD 86, (2012) PRD 87, (2013) PRD 88, (2013) PRL 107, (2013) PRD 86, (2011) PRL 107, (2011) PRD 88, (2013)

Search for Dark Photons G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014 6

Dark Photon Production in BABAR A dark photon A’ can be produced in e + e - collisions by e + e - →  A’ →  l + l - (qq) A dark photon A’ can be produced in e + e - collisions by e + e - →  A’ →  l + l - (qq) Cross section is reduced wrt e + e - →  ;   2  2 /E 2 CM where  lies in the range where  lies in the range BABAR looks for e + e - or  +  - and  with E CM >200 MeV Apply constrained fit to beam energy & beam spot Use kinematic constraints to improve purity Require good quality on , e &  and remove e conversions G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014 e+e+e+e+ e-e-e-e- A’   7 l +, q l -, q     Batell et al., PRD 79, (2009)

Raw e + e - and     Mass Spectra Generally, good data/MC agreement for m ee BHWIDE generator fails to reproduce low m ee mass region mass region MADGRAPH generator reproduces low m ee reproduces low m ee consistently, but has consistently, but has low statistics low statistics  Signal extraction does not rely on MC does not rely on MC For , define reduced mass  smoother turn-on near threshold KK2F generators reproduces m red well KK2F generators reproduces m red well Sensitivity is dominated by  mode due to Sensitivity is dominated by  mode due to higher efficiency and lower backgrounds higher efficiency and lower backgrounds Exclude , , J/ ,  (2S), Y(1S) & Y(2S) mass regions Exclude , , J/ ,  (2S), Y(1S) & Y(2S) mass regions G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ MADGRAPH

Observed Cross Section for Dark Photons Results on  (e + e - →  A’ →  l + l - ) include all data at Y(2S), Y(3S) and Y(4S) Largest deviations in e + e - channel: Largest deviations in e + e - channel: 3.4  at 7.02 GeV  0.6  with trial factor (determined from MC) 3.4  at 7.02 GeV  0.6  with trial factor (determined from MC) Significance 9 G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ mass hypotheses Significances are estimated as [2 log ( L / L 0 )] 1/2 as [2 log ( L / L 0 )] 1/2 PRL 113, (2014) e+e-e+e-

Observed Cross Section for Dark Photons Largest deviations: in  +  - channel 2.9  at 6.09 GeV  0.1  with trial factors significance 10 G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ mass hypotheses PRL 113, (2014) +-+-

Mass-dependent Upper Limit on Mixing  BABAR pushes exclusion BABAR pushes exclusion region on  in the mass region on  in the mass range ~10 GeV range ~10 GeV substantially lower substantially lower Most of the region favored Most of the region favored by g-2 is now excluded by g-2 is now excluded G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014 Region near  mass can be further probed by analyzing A’ →    - channel 11 PRL 113, (2014)

Reach of Future Experiments In the next few years, several dedicated experiments and Belle II will push the limit on  further down nearly to ~10 -4 the limit on  further down nearly to ~10 -4New dedicated dedicated experiments: experiments: APEX APEX Dark Light Dark Light HPS HPS MESA MESA VEPP3 VEPP3 G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ APEX, PRL 107, (2011) HPS, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 382, (2012) MESA, AIP Conf. Proc (2013)

Search for Long-Lived  Particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

The simplest way to produce a long-lived dark particle is via mixing of a photon from e + e - annihilation with a dark photon A’  the dark photon emits a dark scalar S and decays to 2 dark fermions  (not seen) decays to 2 dark fermions  (not seen)  the dark scalar decays to 2 dark photons that mix with real photons that in turn that mix with real photons that in turn decay to a pair of fermions decay to a pair of fermions The mass is limited to m S 2m    prediction lies around 1 GeV Another production mechanism originates from the coupling of the SM Higgs field to one new scalar field  coupling of the SM Higgs field to one new scalar field   so  can be produced in SM processes like  (nS) or B  decay and can decay to 2 fermions  The mass range is 0.1 < m  < 10 GeV 0.1 < m  < 10 GeV Production Mechanisms for Long-Lived  Particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014 Arkani_Hamed et al., Phys.Rev.D.79, (2009) Clarke et al., JHEP 1402, 123 (2014) 14 e+e+ e-e-  ’’   ’’ ’’   f f f f   b b f f s t  b d, u Bezrukov and Gorbunov, JHEP 1307, 140 (2013) Batell et al., PRD 79, (2009) Essig et al., PRD 80, (2009) Schuster et al., PRD 81, (2010) Bossi Adv.HEP 2014, (2014) S

We perform the first search for a long-lived particle L in the process e + e - → LX where X is any set of particles and L decays to e + e - → LX where X is any set of particles and L decays to We present the results in 2 interpretations First we use all data except for a 20 fb -1 validation sample at  (4S) First we use all data except for a 20 fb -1 validation sample at  (4S) (404 fb -1 at  (4S), 44 fb -1 below  (4S), 28 fb -1 at  (3S) and 14 fb -1 at  (2S)) (404 fb -1 at  (4S), 44 fb -1 below  (4S), 28 fb -1 at  (3S) and 14 fb -1 at  (2S))  results in a model-independent interpretation  results in a model-independent interpretation Second, we select the B → LX s decays from this data sample where X s is a hadronic system with strangeness -1  results in a model-dependent interpretation We reject background from K 0 S and  as well low-mass peaking structures in the background by imposing mass thresholds: in the background by imposing mass thresholds: m ee  0.44 GeV, m e   0.48 GeV  m   0.50 GeV and m   0.37 GeV m ee  0.44 GeV, m e   0.48 GeV  m   0.50 GeV and m   0.37 GeV m   0.86 GeV  m K   1.05 GeV  m KK  1.35 GeV m   0.86 GeV  m K   1.05 GeV  m KK  1.35 GeV The efficiency varies from 47% for m=1 GeV at 2< p T <3 GeV & c  =3 cm to a few per mil for large m and c  to a few per mil for large m and c  Strategy for Long-Lived  Particle Search G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

Using unbinned extended ML fits of the mass distributions, we extract the signal yield for each final state as a function of mass m signal yield for each final state as a function of mass m We divide the mass distribution of each mode into 13 regions straddling each of the mode into 13 regions straddling each of the signal MC samples signal MC samples We define signal PDFs in each region: in each region: where H(x) is the pull histogram produced where H(x) is the pull histogram produced from masses closest to the true mass m t and from masses closest to the true mass m t and m &  m are measured mass and its error m &  m are measured mass and its error The background PDF is a 2 nd -order polynomial spline interpolated between bin midpoints spline interpolated between bin midpoints The histogram bin width in mass region i is w i =15*  mi ;  mi increases from 4 MeV at m t =0.2 GeV to ~180 MeV at m t =9.5 GeV w i =15*  mi ;  mi increases from 4 MeV at m t =0.2 GeV to ~180 MeV at m t =9.5 GeV  note, the factor n=15 is large enough to provide high sensitivity but small enough to prevent fluctuations to appear as significant signal peaks enough to prevent fluctuations to appear as significant signal peaks Signal Extraction G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ Pull distribution 0.5 GeV all c       

We scan the data in steps of m t =2 MeV We use the PDF n s P s (m)+n B P B (m), where We use the PDF n s P s (m)+n B P B (m), where n s (signal) and n B (background) yields n s (signal) and n B (background) yields are determined from the fit are determined from the fit We define the statistical significance We define the statistical significance where L s is the ML of the fit and L 0 is where L s is the ML of the fit and L 0 is the ML for n s =0 the ML for n s =0 Observe S=4.7 at m t (  =0.212 MeV, but most of vertices lie inside detector but most of vertices lie inside detector material and  tracks have low momenta material and  tracks have low momenta that are poorly separated from e and  that are poorly separated from e and  Next highest S=4.2 at m t (  =1.24 GeV  P=0.8% to see S≥4.2 in entire  mass spectrum  P=0.8% to see S≥4.2 in entire  mass spectrum Data are consistent with background expectation Observed Signal Yields G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

We determine the systematic error on the signal yield for each scan fit the signal yield for each scan fit The dominant systematic error results from the background PDF results from the background PDF We estimate systematic errors due to mass resolution, luminosity, particle mass resolution, luminosity, particle ID (<1%) and # MC signal events ID (<1%) and # MC signal events We convolve L S (normal distributed) with Gaussian representing total  sys with Gaussian representing total  sys We determine uniform-prior Bayesian upper limits at 90% CL on the product upper limits at 90% CL on the product  with efficiency tables limits can be  with efficiency tables limits can be applied to any production model applied to any production model Results for Model-Independent Interpretation G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

For the model-dependent interpretation, we set Bayesian upper 90%CL on the product of branching fractions on the product of branching fractions for each final state f and for each final state f and different c  different c  These limits exclude a exclude a significant significant region of the region of the parameter parameter space of the space of the inflaton inflaton model model Results for Model-Dependent Interpretation G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ Bezrukov and Gorbunov, JHEP 1307, 140 (2013)

Search for  0 -like Particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

Motivation for  0 -like Particle Search Two-photon collisions were used by BABAR to measure the  0 form factor At sufficiently high Q 2, the pion form factor should approach the Brodsky-Lepage limit of approach the Brodsky-Lepage limit of √2 f  /Q 2 ≈ 185 MeV/Q 2 √2 f  /Q 2 ≈ 185 MeV/Q 2 At Q 2 > 15GeV 2, the prediction is highly reliable well beyond the non-perturbative QCD regime beyond the non-perturbative QCD regime BABAR data show no sign of convergence towards the Brodsky-Lepage limit towards the Brodsky-Lepage limit So maybe there is a new particle with a mass close to the  0 mass decaying to  mass close to the  0 mass decaying to  that causes this behavior that causes this behavior The new particle may be a scalar (  S ), pseudoscalar (  P ) or hard-core pion (π 0 HC ) pseudoscalar (  P ) or hard-core pion (π 0 HC ) G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ Brodsky et al., PRD 28, 228 (1983) ) Bakulev et al., PRD 86, (2012) Dorokhov, JETP let. 91, 163 (2010) Lucha et al., J. Phys D 39, (2012) Noguera et al., EPJ A 46, 197 (2010)

Production of  0 -like Particles Production of  0 -like Particles New particles may couple to  leptons (other couplings are New particles may couple to  leptons (other couplings are constrained by theory or experiments) constrained by theory or experiments) So we focus on  0 -like particles in associated     pair production production Cross sections for  0 -like particle production in e + e - →     “   ” processes, are predicted to be large in e + e - →     “   ” processes, are predicted to be large (for Q 2 >8 GeV 2 ) (for Q 2 >8 GeV 2 )  hard-core-pion =0.25 pb,  pseudoscalar =2.5 pb and  scalar =68 pb  hard-core-pion =0.25 pb,  pseudoscalar =2.5 pb and  scalar =68 pb  Expect large samples at  (4S) in BABAR data set N hcp =1.2×10 5, N pseudoscalar =1.2×10 6 and N scalar =3.2×10 7 N hcp =1.2×10 5, N pseudoscalar =1.2×10 6 and N scalar =3.2×10 7 However, backgrounds are large as well G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ “0”“0”“0”“0”

BABAR study uses full  (4S) data set (468 fb -1  4.3×10 8  pairs) (468 fb -1  4.3×10 8  pairs) Select  events in the  e decays with p T >0.3 GeV for each lepton with p T >0.3 GeV for each lepton Require exactly 1  0 →  with 2.2 < E  0 < 4.7 GeV 2.2 < E  0 < 4.7 GeV Require E extra < 0.3 GeV (total energy in the em calorimeter excluding  s in the em calorimeter excluding  s from  0 decay) from  0 decay) Reduce background from radiative  e ’ s: E  >0.25 GeV, 30° 0.25 GeV, 30° <  (e,  ) < 150° Reduce background from semi- leptonic + hadronic (  ±  0 ) decays: leptonic + hadronic (  ±  0 ) decays: E min = min(E l, E  ) + E  0 > 0.5 E CM ; E min = min(E l, E  ) + E  0 > 0.5 E CM ; m  ±  0 > m  m  ±  0 > m  E min spectrum before the requirement of E min > 0.5 E CM is consistent with the E min spectrum before the requirement of E min > 0.5 E CM is consistent with the expected e + e - →      spectrum expected e + e - →      spectrum Strategy for  0 -like Particle Search G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/ E min [GeV]

Fit m  invariant-mass spectrum with Gaussian signal and linear background; Fit m  invariant-mass spectrum with Gaussian signal and linear background; n(m  ) =N lin (1+a lin m  ) +N g G(  g,  g ) n(m  ) =N lin (1+a lin m  ) +N g G(  g,  g ) Use unbinned maximum log- Use unbinned maximum log- likelihood fit to extract likelihood fit to extract N lin, N g and a lin N lin, N g and a lin Get  g from control study Get  g from control study samples samples Scan mass hypotheses m g Scan mass hypotheses m g between 110 MeV and 160 MeV between 110 MeV and 160 MeV Extract highest yields in range Extract highest yields in range Correct for peaking background: Correct for peaking background: 1.24±0.37 events 1.24±0.37 events Correct for fit bias: -0.06±0.02 events Correct for fit bias: -0.06±0.02 events Signal Extraction for  0 -like Particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

Perform extended maximum likelihood fit and scan over  0 mass region and scan over  0 mass region Observe N g = 6.2±2.7±0.06 MeV/c MeV/c 2  N sig =N g -N bg = 5.0±2.7±0.4 events  N sig =N g -N bg = 5.0±2.7±0.4 eventsEfficiencies: ε HCP,P =(0.455±0.019)% for  0 HC &  P ε HCP,P =(0.455±0.019)% for  0 HC &  P ε S =(0.090±0.004)% for  S ε S =(0.090±0.004)% for  S Cross sections:  HCP,P =(37.7±20.5 stat ±3.2 sys ) fb for  0 HC &  P  HCP,P =(37.7±20.5 stat ±3.2 sys ) fb for  0 HC &  P  S =(191±104 stat ±17 sys ) fb for  S  S =(191±104 stat ±17 sys ) fb for  S Cross section upper  HCP,P ≤ 73 fb  (prediction: fb)  HCP,P ≤ 73 fb  (prediction: fb)  S ≤ 370 fb  (prediction: nb) Compatibility with theory (p-value)  0 HC : p=5.9×10 -4 ;  P :: p=8.8× ;  S :2.2×10 -9  0 HC : p=5.9×10 -4 ;  P :: p=8.8× ;  S :2.2×10 -9 Results for  0 -like Particle Search G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

Conclusions and Outlook B factories are an excellent laboratory to search for light dark matter See no dark photons in GeV mass region  push limit on the mixing  parameter  at a level to depending on the dark photon mass Observe no long-lived particle in the 0.2 <m<10 GeV mass range and average flight length 0.5 < c  < 100 cm flight length 0.5 < c  < 100 cm  this is the first search for long-lived particles at a high-luminosity e + e -  collider and the first search in a heavy-flavor environment The upper limit on the cross section for the production of  0 -like particles in association with a     pair is  < 73 fb at 90% CL  the hypothesis that in association with a     pair is  < 73 fb at 90% CL  the hypothesis that  0 -like particles cause the non convergence of the pion form factor has  a p-value of 5.9×10 -4 and thus is unlikely Belle II can improve on these limit by a factor of 3 to 2 orders of magnitude depending on the final state depending on the final state G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

Backup Slides G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/

Background studies Extract combinatorial background Extract combinatorial background from the fit from the fit Simulate e + e  →       0.38±0.09 events Simulate e + e  →       0.38±0.09 events Estimate  contribution from data Estimate  contribution from data e + e - → e + e   +    0  0.86=0.36 events e + e - → e + e   +    0  0.86=0.36 events Total background: 1.24±0.37 events Total background: 1.24±0.37 events Fit bias study Fit bias study Repeat fit after adding 0 to 25 signal events events Correct for the average fit error Correct for the average fit error (bias): -0.06±0.02 (bias): -0.06±0.02  these results give the p-value of the background hypothesis (p 0 ) background hypothesis (p 0 ) Search for  0 -like Particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014 Background-only distribution Fitted N p versus true value

Generate e + e - →       with a 3-body phase space model Generate e + e - →       with a 3-body phase space model Reweight according to the matrix element of the “  0 ‘’ like process (HCP, p,s) Reweight according to the matrix element of the “  0 ‘’ like process (HCP, p,s) Fit using linear signal + linear background model Fit using linear signal + linear background model Determine efficiencies: Determine efficiencies: ε P,HCP =(0.455±0.019)% ε P,HCP =(0.455±0.019)% ε S =(0.090±0.004)% ε S =(0.090±0.004)% Dominant systematic uncertainties come from the simulation come from the simulation statistics and the energy scale statistics and the energy scale Search for  0 -like Particles G. Eigen, Discrete Symmetries, London, 02/12/2014