The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Production Komariah Dept. of Irrigation and Drainage, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan 岐阜大学関係学位論文発表 平成 20 年 1 月 22 日 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru Senge Associate: Dr. Kengo Ito

Background  Total cassava production in province of Lampung, Indonesia: 4.67 x 10 9 kg  Abundant tapioca waste: Limited utilization for industries and livestock  Evoke environmental problem  Utilization for environmental conservation

Background Indonesia: tropical country High Air Temperature + High solar radiation intensity High Evaporation High Soil temperature Utilization of tapioca wastes for reduce water loss (evapotranspiration) + as insulating material for lower soil temperature

Background Pineapple Plantation in Indonesia: Long culture period + tropical monsoon climate Soil deterioration Utilization of tapioca wastes for soil properties amelioration

Experimental Site (Research 1) INDONESIA

1. “ The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures” –A Case Study of Tapioca Wastes Application-

Treatments A. Control B. Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha) C. Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha) D. Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha) E. 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulch 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Cassava Bagasse Cassava Peel Rice Husk ( もみが ら） Investigated Organic Materials SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA INDUSTRY 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Plot Size 0.6m 15m 60 plants 0.5 m 1 treatment: 2 plots 1 plot: 120 plants Pineapple variety: “Smooth Cayenne” 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Control 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

300ton/ha rice husk mulching 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

300ton/ha cassava bagasse mulching 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

300ton/ha cassava peel mulching 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

0.5mm-Black polyethylene film mulching 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Results and Discussion (Exp. 1) 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth General declining trend?? Canopy of plants progressively increased 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

solar small canopybig canopy Illustration Canopy progressively increased decreased soil temp. increased soil surface shading suppressed heat absorption by mulch 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth Black film low albedo (high heat absorption); low latent heat flux (heat release/discharge) Cassava bagasse: can readily undergo fermentation (  28 o C) fermentation occurred soil temperature high Rice husk & cassava peel: nearly similar albedo to control; low heat transfer into soil layers 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Illustration control rather high soil temp. High heat absorption (rather low albedo) High heat discharge (high latent heat flux) Black film mulch higher soil temp. High heat absorption (low albedo) Low heat discharge (low latent heat flux)

Illustration 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Low heat discharge (rather low latent heat flux) soil temp. higher Cassava bagasse mulch Low heat absorption from solar rad. (rather high albedo) fermentation High heat absorption from fermentation Lower soil temp. Rice husk/ cassava peel mulch High heat absorption (rather high albedo) Low heat transfer into soil

Dry season Rainy season El Nino irrigated Soil moisture content at 0-30cm depth (TDR) irrigated Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater; enhanced effective rainfall Rice husk, cassava peel and black film nearly similar to control Soil moistures under cassava bagasse and black film mulch were the lowest due to higher biomass and caused the higher evapotranspiration rates 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures

Pineapple Fruit Yield Total wet biomass No significant differences at p  0.05; ANOVA followed with Duncan test (both of total wet biomass and yield) 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Black film mulches resulted in higher total wet biomass and yield due to the highest mean soil temperature; Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures; higher than control hence biomass and yields

Conclusion (Exp.1) Black film and cassava bagasse mulches resulted in higher maximum soil temperaturesBlack film and cassava bagasse mulches resulted in higher maximum soil temperatures Rice husk and cassava peel mulches resulted in lower maximum soil temperaturesRice husk and cassava peel mulches resulted in lower maximum soil temperatures Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater hence soil moisture contents were high, while others did not play any better role in soil moisture retentionCassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater hence soil moisture contents were high, while others did not play any better role in soil moisture retention 1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures hence the biomasses and yields tooOrganic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures hence the biomasses and yields too

2. “ Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes”

Materials and Method Same experimental site as Exp Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Cassava Bagasse Cassava Peel Rice Husk ( もみが ら） SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA INDUSTRY 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Treatments A. Control B. Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha) C. Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha) D. Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha) E. C assava peel incorporated/ mixed into soil (300 ton/ha) F. 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulch 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Picture of Total Experimental Plot Complete randomized design; 3 replications 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Results and Discussion (Exp. 2) 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Change; 0-5cm 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Initial: July 2001; Final: Sept ONLY Decomposition Rate Level (Visible with naked-eyes): FAST : FAST : Cassava Bagasse (No longer visible 15 months after application) MEDIUM MEDIUM : Rice Husk (Visible 15 months after application with partially decomposed into smaller sizes) Cassava Peel (Visible 15 months after application with very less physical changes) Had already totally decomposed and could not supply more SOM The decomposition process was still ongoing hence kept on supplying SOM Cassava peel had just started or just started to decompose hence could not supply SOM yet

Available Water Content Change (AWC); -10 ～ kPa; 0-5cm depth Initial: July 2001; Final: Sept AWC distinctly increased only under rice husk mulch due to SOM increased; SOM holds more water 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Earthworm Populations (0-45cm) Rainy season Dry season Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms at both seasons hence significantly increased earthworm populations 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes

Conclusion (Exp.2) The decomposition process of rice husk mulch that was still ongoing until 15 months after application kept on supplying SOM, thus distinctly increased SOM and Available Water ContentThe decomposition process of rice husk mulch that was still ongoing until 15 months after application kept on supplying SOM, thus distinctly increased SOM and Available Water Content 2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms, hence earthworm populations were highOrganic Materials provided food source for earthworms, hence earthworm populations were high

CONTROL RBM RBMx RBMx + BM RBM + BM RBM + CM RBMx + CM BM CM 3. Soil Solarization Incorporated with Rice Bran on Soil Physical, Biological, and Broccoli Yield 1.2m 0.8m

Final conclusion Tapioca wastes Cassava bagasse: Cassava peel High max. soil temperature High soil moisture Speedy decomposition; no more SOM supply Low max. soil temperature Low soil moisture Medium decomposition; no SOM supply yet Nearly similar biomass and yield

Rice husk: Contributed significant increase on SOM by keeping SOM supplied until 15 months after application with its moderate decomposition rate, hence available water content (AWC) also increased