Dar A. Roberts1, Keely Roth1, Michael Alonzo1

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Presentation transcript:

Evaluation of Synergies between VNIR-SWIR and TIR imagery in a Mediterranean-climate Ecosystem Dar A. Roberts1, Keely Roth1, Michael Alonzo1 Contributors: Dale A. Quattrochi2, Glynn C. Hulley3, Simon J. Hook3, and Robert O. Green3 1 UC Santa Barbara Dept. of Geography 2 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 3 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA HyspIRI Preparatory Program

Research Questions What is the potential for improved temperature emissivity separation (TES) using VNIR-SWIR column water vapor? What is the relationship between moisture content and emissivity? What is the relationship between common hyperspectral measures of plant stress and physiological function (i.e., PRI, leaf water content) and canopy temperature in imagery and observed in ground-based measurements? How does canopy temperature vary as a function of plant functional type (PFT) and species at native and HyspIRI spatial scales? How is canopy temperature and emissivity impacted by changes in canopy cover, notably changes in green vegetation (GV) fraction, non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) and bare soil? How is temperature partitioned among the various components of cover?

General Approach AVIRIS Analysis MASTER Analysis Reflectance Retrieval with 7.5, 15 and 60 m radiance data Reflectance, retrieval products (water vapor, liquid water) Cover Fractions and Species/PFT identification Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis Fused field and AVIRIS-derived spectral library (7.5 m) Iterative Endmember Selection, cover class (i.e., bark, composite shingle, oak), species Multi-level fusion (2, 3, 4 em models, selected based on an RMS threshold) AVIRIS water content, hyperspectral stress indices (PRI) MASTER Analysis Atmospheric correction Modtran simulated, AVIRIS column water vapor Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES): TES, using ASTER algorithm (Gillespie et al.) Combined analysis of image pairs Full spectral analysis (VSWIR-TIR) of plant materials seasonally

Santa Barbara Study Site Pre-fire August 6, 2004 (16 m) August 6-12, 2007 (4 m): urban June 19, 2008: AVIRIS-MASTER Pair Post-fire March 10, 2009 (post Gap & Tea, pre-Jesusita) March 31, 2009 (post Gap & Tea, pre-Jesusita) May 8, 2009 (Active Jesusita) June 17, 2009 August 26, 2009 April 30, 2010 October 26, Nov 1, 2010 July 19, 2011: AVIRIS-MASTER Pair True Color: August 6, 2004

AVIRIS Species and Plant Functional Types Existing, accurate maps of species, PFT generated using MESMA and Iterative Endmember Selection Existing network of species polygons Existing reference spectral library of natural and anthropogenic materials

Synergies between VNIR-SWIR and TIR in an urban Environment: RSE, in press Mixed urban-natural systems, ~ 150,000 people AVIRIS-MASTER pair, June 19, 2008 7.5 m AVIRIS, 15 m MASTER Spatial degradation, 15 m AVIRIS, 60 m AVIRIS/MASTER

Methods Preprocessing AVIRIS Analysis AVIRIS-MASTER georectified to high resolution DOQQ AVIRIS Analysis ACORN 5, applied to 7.5, 15 and 60 m radiance data Reflectance, water vapor, liquid water, albedo (Modo 4.3 Irradiance) Surface Composition VIS Model (Vegetation, Impervious, Soil expanded to include NPV) Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis Fused field and AVIRIS-derived spectral library (7.5 m) Count-based Endmember Selection, cover class (i.e., bark, composite shingle, oak) Multi-level fusion (2, 3, 4 em models, selected based on 0.007 RMS threshold) Water screened by LST (< 297.15K) MASTER Analysis (Hulley and Hook) Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) Modtran 5.2 derived atmospheric correction NCEP column water vapor, iteratively adjusted for water over Laguna Blanca TES, using ASTER algorithm (Gillespie et al.) Spectral emissivity, broad band emissivity, LST

Land-Cover Analysis/Mixture Validation (Quattrochi and Roberts) Defined 14 dominant land-cover classes on Google Earth Imagery Residential (high, medium, low), Commercial, Transportation, Roofs Closed canopy forest, Forested park, Golf courses, Grass sports fields, Orchards, Annual crop Bare soil, crop Extracted GV, NPV, Impervious, Soil fractions and land surface energy properties Developed Mixture Validation Data Sets from NAIP 120x120 m polygons (ranges in surface fractions) Large, mixed land-cover polygons

Land-Cover Analysis: Examples

Mixture Validation Utilized 85 polygons 64 land-cover 21 designed Calculated fractions from high-res imagery Manually delineated polygons for GV, NPV, Soil and Impervious Determination aided by AVIRIS A C B Figure showing three validation polygons A: 44% NPV, 11.3% GV, 44.7% Soil B: 50.45%NPV, 1.5% GV, 48%Soil C: 4.8% NPV, 57.4% GV, 34.5% Soil, 3.3% Imp

Results AVIRIS-MASTER Products Fine spatial scale variability in water vapor Elevation gradients clear AVIRIS 1.2 – 1.7 cm, MASTER 0.78 cm Liquid water and emissivity positively correlated Asphalt also high emissiivty Albedo and LST poorly correlated

Reflectance and Emissivity Spectra Biotic Materials – Most Distinct in VSWIR (all unique) NPV low emissivity in TIR (Differs by stature) Abiotic Materials – Varies AVIRIS: Painted roofs, red tile Soils and some road surfaces are not distinct* MASTER: Quartz beach sands, various roof types Asphalt surfaces are near black bodies VSWIR-TIR improves discrimination of abiotic materials

MESMA: Endmember Selections Selected 41 non-water endmembers 4 NPV, 8 GV, 9 soils, 20 Impervious GV strictly AVIRIS, transportation field, roofs, soils, NPV mixed

VIS-NPV Fractions: 15 and 60 m GV and NPV fractions scaled well between all spatial resolutions 7.5, 15 and 60 m Soil tended to be overmapped at the expense of Impervious at coarser scales Two error sources Asphalt – soil Red Tile Roof (so variable requires 3 ems)

Fraction Validation: 15 m a) GV b) NPV c) Impervious d) Soil Phenology Under- mapped Soil Overmapped (red tile/Asphalt)

Fraction Validation: 60 m a) GV b) NPV GV-NPV Fractions good at HyspIRI scales c) Impervious d) Soil

Land-cover Composition Cover fractions follow the expected pattern High GV, low Temperature High Impervious, high Temperature Residential Low density, high GV, Low T, low Imp High density, low GV, High T, High Imp 306K 325K

Green Cover and LST Standard inverse relationship between GV Cover and LST Considerable scatter The scatter is likely to be the most interesting part Moist soils evapotranspiring Closed canopies with variable ET

What’s Next? TES with AVIRIS derived column water vapor Spatial variation in LST in closed canopies VSWIR stress measures Analysis of new AVIRIS-MASTER pair, 2011 Greater areal coverage, including greater elevation range, Gap, Tea and Jesusita Fire scars and a wide diversity of natural vegetation Seasonal VSWIR-TIR spectroscopy JPL Perkin Elmer, ASD and Nicolet 17 tree species, chlorophyll, water First measures late July 2011 Follow up, Nov/Dec 2011, Mar 2012, June 2012 Source: Mike Alonzo, Keely Roth

Example VSWIR-TIR Spectra Quercus agrifolia Coast Live Oak Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia Ceanothus spinosus Green bark Ceanothus Metrosideros excelsa New Zealand Christmas Tree Each plot shows the concatenated Perkin Elmer (VNIR-SWIR) and Nicolet (TIR) spectra for two samples.

Questions?