Improving Womens and Girls Land Rights: Illustrative Interventions from India and Uganda Tim Hanstad Rural Development Institute (RDI)

Outline I.Introduction 1.Why do womens land rights matter? 2.Barriers to womens land rights: a legal perspective II.Putting a gender lens on land projects targeted at households III.Illustrative interventions targeting womens or girls land rights 1.Land Purchase for Women: Andhra Pradesh, India 2.Daughters, Dowry, and Early Marriage: West Bengal, India 3.Women and Girls in IDP Camps: Uganda

Why Do Womens Land Rights Matter? More than half of all women in developing world work in agriculture Women effective agents of economic and social change Land as key resource – food security, income, wealth, power, credit, status, government services Secure land rights for households impact females differently than males

Benefits of Womens Land Rights Access to markets Incentive framework for productivity Social security More bargaining power Childrens welfare Reduced domestic violence Reduced Risk of HIV/AIDS

Barriers to Womens Land Rights: A Legal Perspective Formal Law Framework: Discriminatory or poorly drafted laws and regulations Legal Literacy and Aid: Lack of awareness and understanding of rights Customary Law: Entrenched customs, especially related to land and marriage, divorce, bride price/ dowry, polygamy, and inheritance. Land rights must be both legally and socially legitimate to be usable and enforceable.

Gender Lens on Land Projects Legal and field analysis to identify gender factors and limitations Involve women in project planning and design Outreach and awareness aimed at females Incorporate activities and elements designed to address legal and cultural issues. Monitor involvement from and impacts on women

The IKP Land Purchase Program: Andhra Pradesh, India 80% of women workers in rural India depend on agriculture Women rarely have rights to land IKP Program: State Govt of Andhra Pradesh, World Bank, and RDI help landless women purchase land

IKP Land Purchase Program: Andhra Pradesh, India Women SHGs identify land on market, negotiate price with seller, and obtain financing Community Coordinators support process Plot is subdivided, individually titled Grant + loan + beneficiary contribution

Benefits of the IKP Land Purchase Program Women are generating 72% of total household income from plots Women have improved status and respect, both within families and communities Women report improvements in familys diet and health Womens families are better able to access credit Women report lower incidences of domestic violence Women report decreased likelihood that husbands will evict them Spending on children's education has significantly increased

Daughters, Dowry and Land: West Bengal, India Girls considered a burden: Fewer prospects to earn income and almost always leave family at marriage Girls often do not inherit land, even though there are formal inheritance rights: Hindu daughters have a right to equally inherit land; Muslim daughters have a right to inherit a portion; Most families know the law, but dont follow it

Daughters, Dowry and Land: West Bengal, India Poor families have greater pressure to marry daughters early Early marriage can mean trafficking or unsafe migration Ongoing program context: State govt land purchase and allocation

Daughters, Dowry and Land: West Bengal, India Program design: 1)Government: Prioritized allocation for families with vulnerable girls and ensure girls rights to land 2) Community: community conversations; girls and boys groups; to increase awareness of girls vulnerability and land rights

Vulnerable Women & Girls in Post-Conflict Uganda Many Ugandans have been living in internally displaced person (IDP) camps over last 20 years Womens access to land is through her husband, father or brother Many women and girls in the IDP camps lost family ties through death, rape, disappearance Now IDP camps are closing; many women and girls have nowhere to go

Vulnerable Women & Girls in Post-Conflict Uganda RDI intervention: Help women and girls in IDP camps get access to land as a group Promote collective input purchasing and marketing of goods they produce In partnership with local NGO, identify and dialogue with chiefs and elders willing to allocate a portion of clan land Uphold the women and girls right to the land

Final Remarks Critical to understand the complexity, challenges and barriers to womens and girls land rights; but it IS possible to design interventions to overcome those barriers