EE340 – Introduction to Nanoelectronic Devices T. N. Jackson Center for Thin Film Devices and Materials Research Institute, Electrical Engineering, Penn State University

Life in the 21st Century

2X increase in density / 2 years Lower cost Moore’s Law According to Moore: ~ 0.7X linear scale factor 2X increase in density / 2 years Lower cost Higher performance (~30% / 2 years) At severe competitive disadvantage if don’t have newer technology Has been going on for 40 years and will continue “somewhat” for another decade SD 2007

N.B.: Performance also improves geometrically Moore’s Law # of Transistors Year Y. Borodovsky, 2006 SPIE Microlithography Moore's Law: # of transistors in a given area doubles every 18 to 24 months N.B.: Performance also improves geometrically Computer Performance M. Horowitz, 2005 IEDM

Intel 10-Core Xeon Westmere-EX (2011) 2.6 billion transistors Moore’s Law Intel 10-Core Xeon Westmere-EX (2011) 2.6 billion transistors 32 nm lithography 8 m Early Pentium (1993-3,100,000-0.8m) 80386 (1985-275,000-1.5m) 80286 (1982-134,000-1.5m) HIV virus ~100 nm 45 nm lithography Intel 2008 production 8088 (1979-29,000-3m) 4004 (1971-2250-10m) 22 nm lithography Intel 2011 production

Moore’s Law "If the automobile industry advanced as rapidly as the >1020 transistors shipped in 2010 ~3 transistors for each mm to the nearest star ~1 transistor for each km to the nearest galaxy Source: Dataquest/Intel 12/’02 G. Moore, 2003 ISSCC ~106 transistors per cell in the human body "If the automobile industry advanced as rapidly as the semiconductor industry, a Rolls Royce would get a million miles per gallon, and it would be cheaper to throw it away than to park it". Gordon Moore, Intel  "If the automobile industry advanced as rapidly as the semiconductor industry, a Rolls Royce would cost about $250,000, but have about 1,000,000 steering wheels, 4,000,000 tires, 6,000,000 windows, and carry about 5,000,000 passengers, all very small.” Tom Jackson, Penn State

GAME OVER

Moore’s law is now largely irrelevant Moore’s Law – The End Moore’s law is now largely irrelevant Increasingly, computation, control, communication, et cetera are “free” on the scale of the problem being solved End of Moore’s Law High volume system cost Furthermore, it’s ending 1 10 101 102 104 105 103 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20?? 106 Forget the red brick wall, worry about Maly’s law Clarke’s first law: $ Processor chip cost When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong. Arthur C. Clarke in Profiles of the Future Year Elderly: In physics, mathematics and astronautics it means over thirty; in other disciplines, senile decay is sometimes postponed to the forties. There are of course, glorious exceptions; but as every researcher just out of college knows, scientists of over fifty are good for nothing but board meetings, and should at all costs be kept out of the laboratory. Arthur C. Clarke in Profiles of the Future * Wojciech P. Maly, Carnegie Mellon University

Moore’s Law Alternatives  New Electronic Progress Example: displays UXGA 1600x1200 32b color SXGA 1280x1024 32b color Primordial ooze XGA 1024x768 16b color WUXGA 1920x1200 32b color VGA 640x480 16 colors QWUXGA 3840x2400 32b color EGA 640x350 16 colors CGA 320x200 4 colors Samsung 82”, HDTV, ~12.5×106 TFTs

Large Area Electronics - Displays Electronic progress by scale-up, not scale down Applied Materials/AKT-40K PECVD (Gen 7) 1.88 m x 2.15 m glass plates (~ 57 300-mm wafers) Gordon Moore, 2003 IEEE ISSCC One Gen VII display factory builds ~60,000 ~4 m2 mm panels/month ~3 × 106 m2/year (~730 acres), ~0.1 m2/s, ~5 × 106 kg of glass/year

Organic circuits on polyester substrates Low-cost devices and circuits on arbitrary substrates Electronics anywhere Organic circuits on polyester substrates OTFT/OLED Display Organic circuits OTFTs on non-planar surfaces Solution processed organic devices and circuits C-Si strain sensors Photoresist-free patterning Nanobiomotors a-Si:H active matrix OLED display Transistors on cloth ZnO Circuits PZT RF MEMS switches ZnO Circuits ZnO Circuits