IR spectroscopy of first-row transition metal clusters and their complexes with simple molecules FELIX facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands Anton Pannekoek Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Denis M. Kiawi
[ mbar] K [ mbar] K Relative atomic abundance (H=1) in dense molecular cloud Williams & Herbst, Surf. Sci. 500, 823 (2002 Depletion of elemental species in Interstellar Medium
In what form is Fe present in the ISM? Hypothesis: FeS formation Fe → Fe n Fe n + S→ Fe n S m nFe + mS → Fe n S m If true: Efficient conversion of Fe to FeS Williams & Herbst, Surf. Sci. 500, 823 (2002) Clue: cometary fragments contain FeS grains
Get an insight in interaction between Fe and S on the scale of clusters by studying: Fe n Fe n S m Fe n -SX (S-containing ligands) Goals of my PhD project Possible outcome Insight in mechanism of FeS formation in ISM Compare lab results with astronomical observations Identification of IR spectrum of Fe/FeS species in the ISM Methods: IR spectroscopy geometric structure DFT calculations
Why clusters ? Model systems for Fe particles in ISM Isolated species in gas phase Size range: n=3-100 Transition between atomic and bulk properties Strong size-dependence of properties
TiC Clusters detected in ISM Von Helden et al, Science 288, 14 (2000) Observed spectrum Lab spectrum of TiC
Experimental setup Laser ablation of Fe rod Cluster formation in helium carrier gas Gaseous molecules injected downstream Interaction with IR & UV laser Mass analysis in RETOF MS
IR laser source: FELIX Inter-Cavity Spectral range: m cm -1 Pulse enrgy: up to 100 mJ (5-50 m operational, rest soon!)
Test experiment: Co n + with water Relative ease of production Cobalt clusters Co as analogue for Fe clusters H 2 O as analogue for H 2 S
Felix region Cluster – water vibrations Free water modes IR Spectroscopy of Co + -H 2 O clusters Free water molecule Asymmetric stretch: 3756 cm-1 Symmetric stretch: 3657 cm-1 Bend: 1595 cm-1 PBE/TZP ADF package S=7 Co + -H 2 O calculated: Libration mode: 345 cm -1 Twisting mode550 cm -1 Stretching mode475 cm -1
IR spectroscopy of Co n + -H 2 O clusters Clear resonances Water bending vibration intact Cluster-water vibrations Small shift in bending, other modes do shift
IR spectroscopy of Co n + -H 2 O clusters Wave number (cm-1) Free water bending mode: 1595 cm -1 Extra water attached: hydrogen bonding leads to a red shift of ca. 30 cm -1
Signal-to-noise ratio poorer due to low Fe cluster production Water binds intact on Fe cluster surface Clear shift from Free water bending and stretching mode region IR spectroscopy of Fe n + -H 2 O clusters
Conclusions Astrophysical motivation to study Fe and FeS clusters Laboratory IR spectra of Co n + -H 2 O and Fe n + -H 2 O clusters H 2 O bending mode proves that water is bonded molecularly to the cluster Clear size dependence of cluster-molecule vibrational frequencies Outlook: DFT of Co n + -H 2 O and Fe n + -H 2 O IR spectroscopy of Fe n -H 2 S Fe n S m Fe n
Knickelbein et al, J.Chem.Phys. 93,1533 (1990) Teaser: IR ion dip spectrum of neutral Fe 13 UV laser
Acknowledgement Nijmegen Jos Oomens Joost Bakker + entire FELIX Team University of Amsterdam Rens Waters Wybren-Jan Buma Free University Amsterdam Luuk Visscher $:
Motivation Source:
Outlook: IR Spectroscopy of Al n O m + clusters
IR Spectroscopy of Co-H 2 O clusters Wave number (cm-1)
Laser ablation technique Second pulsed valve Liquid Nitrogen cooling Aperture for metal rod Pulsed valve Initial design by André Fielicke
Origin of Iron hubblesite.org/gallery/album/star/pr b/large_web M< 8M o → no Fe M> 8M o → Fe is formed Fe once formed, sits in the center of the star
Mass spectrum of Fe +
Selecting mass distribution by deflection TOFMS RMJordan company Deflection plates in flight path mass30 mass 70
Why is FEL is needed for such experiments ?
Why action spectroscopy as detection method ? Gas Phase: Number densities of ions with same charge does not exceed 10 7 molecules/cm 3. Classical absorption spectroscopy For direct absorption experiments number densities ~ molecules/cm 3 Size selective detection of clusters
Theory DFT geometry optimization Evaluate many spin states! Functionals -PBE -TPSS Basis set -TZP Analytical frequency calculations Commercial package ADF Amsterdam Density Functional DFT Calculations Outcome Binding energy of various cluster geometries IR spectra
DFT Calculations Co 13 + Co 9 + Co 4 + Co 6 +
DFT Calculations J. Jalink in preparation
IR spectrum of Fe 13 Depletion quite narrow in UV wavelength Possible mechanism:
Teaser # 2: size-dependent IR spectra of Al n O m + +Formation of dust grains in AGB stars