The record and origin of life

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Chapter 14 The History of Life

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Presentation transcript:

The record and origin of life The History of Life The record and origin of life

History of the Earth Earth is believed to be about 5 billion years old Little available atmospheric oxygen at this time First life on earth is believed to have been 3.9ish billion years ago – in oceans

What’s the EVIDENCE for this? Paleontologists: scientists, “detectives” of the past FOSSILS! Trace Casts Petrified Imprints Amber-preserved/frozen Molds Page 378

How are fossils formed? Page 381 Most dead organisms don’t fossilize because of bacterial and fungal activity Organism falls into river Rushing water covers the dead body with sediment; minerals move into the body Time passes and more sediment compresses; minerals replace bone Earth movements reveal fossil millions of years later

Where are fossils found? Sedimentary rock – forms layers compressing older dead, decaying organisms.

Fossil Dating Relative Dating Determined by layers of rock above fossil Geological LAW Depicts order of appearance and/or extinction of organisms Age is only in relation of other fossils Radiometric Dating Helps determine SPECIFIC age Amount of radioactive isotope decay (half-life) Potassium-40 = half-life of 1.3 billion yrs Carbon-14 = half-life 5730 years Often inconsistent

Geologic Time Scale 4 basic Eras Periods are time frames within eras Major life forms dictate periods

Stromatolites: mats formed by cyanobacteria. Precambrian 3.5 billion yrs ago 87% of earth’s history Major life: only prokaryotes at first then 1.8 billion yrs ago, eukaryotes appeared Stromatolites: mats formed by cyanobacteria.

Paleozoic 245 million years ago Cambrian period brought biodiversity Fish then amphibians then reptiles (oh my!) Mass extinction knocked out 90% of marine and 70% of land biodiversity Plate-skinned fish

Mesozoic

Mesozoic 245 million yrs ago Jurassic period = “the age of the dinosaur” Fossil evidence shows that modern birds evolved from dinosaurs New kinds of mammals and flowering plants Cretaceous Period ended with another mass extinction 66 million yrs ago (meteorite collision!) Yanoconodon: fossil shows evidence of evolution from reptilian jaws and ears to mammalian

Mesozoic, cont. Continental Drift Pangaea = one large continent 135 million years ago two large land masses: Laurasia & Gondwana 66 million years ago – most of the continents had broken apart **this affects organism distribution **plate tectonics

Cenozoic 66 million yrs ago Mammals thrive Primates appear (30 million yrs ago) Humans – 200,000 years ago

Early thoughts on origin of life… Spontaneous generation: idea that nonliving material can produce life. Two experiments that helped disprove this notion: Redi Pasteur Biogenesis: life comes from life!

Modern thoughts on origin of life… Primordial soup Protocell Formation NOW: Hydrothermal vents

Evolution of Cells The first true cells Prokaryotes that evolved from protocells Anaerobic; heterotrophs Similar to Archaebacteria Photosynthesizing prokaryotes Aerobic The endosymbiont theory Eukaryotes evolved from a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes.