International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Association and Integrated Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution Joint Seminar Hotel Royal Pedregal, Mexico D.F., Mexico January 22-23rd, 2004 Pedro Oyola Ph D Dirección Ejecutiva Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente

Introduction In 1997 Santiago Metropolitan Region was declared saturated with TSP, PM 10, CO, O 3 and latent for NO 2. An Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention Program for the Metropolitan Region was initiated. An intensive program to reduce the impact from mobile sources, specially public transportation system was started. An important collaboration between CONAMA and the Universities was initiated oriented to increase the capacity building.

MAIN AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS HIGH LEVELS OF PM 10 and PM 2.5 OZONE

Santiago Cost/ Benefits Action Plan Actions Emission reduction ( ton/year ) MP NO x Cost 127 US$ mill/year Benefits 260 US$ mill/year

Health cost ( $ / year ) Type of vehicles Light gasoline Light LPG Light CNG Light diesel Damage( $ / year)

Santiago de Chile End of the world

Santiago de Chile 40km

LAS CONDES P. O´HIGGINS PUDAHUEL LA FLORIDA SEMINARIO CERRILLOS EL BOSQUE LA PAZ Santiago Metropolitan Region´s Air Quality Network El Monte

Metereological Network Airport

% of PM10 reduction at the Macam Network-Winter period

Anthropogenic Responsibility on PM 10 Inmissions Source Participation Buses21% Trucks13% Light Vehicles14% Mobile Total48% Combustion Fixed12% Processes Fixed14% Homes7% Fixed Total33% Firewood, farmland, sewage 19% Area Total19%

Good Good to Regular Regular Bad Critical Meteorological Conditions Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation The ventilation indicators for Santiago are

August, 13 17:00 August, 14 17:00 August, 15 17:00 Pudahuel August, 16 00:00

Site Location in Región Metropolitana Cerro Calán Gotuzzo Buin

Cu-As-Mo-S Time Series at Buin Winter jul6-jul8-jul10-jul12-jul14-jul16-jul18-jul20-jul22-jul24-jul ng/m 3 Cu As Mo S

In large cities, vehicle emission are usually the most important In small cities, there may be sources specific (and limited) to the area that are significant (smelters, house heating, biomass burning, etc.) Fixed sources are easiest to control, moving sources are harder Local emissions may mislead the interpretation of the results. Monitoring site representativeness is needed Emissions

Monitoring site representativeness, PM-10 Data from a monitoring site should be representative of the community, independent of local sources.

Local traffic influence No local traffic influence

VISUALIZATION Time of day Concentration ( g/m 3 ) May June July August September PM2.5 Similar shapes for the monthly average indicate similar sources for EC and PM2.5 Traffic is the likely source for the 8 –9 hrs. peak Different source is expected for the midnight peak Wind may be responsible for the minimum at 13–18 hrs.

May determine the concentration of pollutants in certain areas Controls the local wind pattern Limits the spatial extent of pollutants Topography

Cluster analysis of the data among the stations is used to obtain groups with similar temporal behavior These groups are similar for PM10 and ozone The groups are independent of the season Topography of the city is probably responsible for the configuration of the groups Environmental grouping

OzonePM10

Late episode Early episode Episode PM 10 Daily Cycles April-September ( )

Airborne transport of Fine Particle inside the Mapocho Valley

Fine Particles Size Distribution and Temporal Evolution

Daily and Nightly Averages of the Physicochemical Composition of the PM2,5 at Pudahuel

Clusters and Sources

HAPs Comparison at Pudahuel & Parque O´Higgins

Acknowledgements