AP Biology John D. O’Bryant School of Mathematics and Science September 24, 2012

Agenda Do Now (Quiz) Little Mito Cells and Organelles Lecture/Discussion Video clip: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Membrane Video clip: Organelles in the Cytoplasm

Do Now (Quiz) 1. Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? A) chloroplast B) wall made of cellulose C) central vacuole D) mitochondrion E) centriole

Do Now (Quiz) 2. All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT A) DNA B) ribosomes C) cell membrane D) nuclear envelope E) enzymes

Do Now (Quiz) 3. Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway? A) ER → Golgi → nucleus B) Golgi → ER → lysosome C) nucleus → ER → Golgi D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Do Now (Quiz) 4. The nitrogenous base, adenine, is found in which three of the following? A) Proteins, chlorophyll, and vitamin A B) Proteins, ATP, and DNA C) ATP, DNA, and RNA D) Chlorophyll, ATP, and DNA E) Proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP

Do Now (Quiz) 5. The nucleolus functions in the production of A) Golgi apparatus B) microtubules C) mitochondria D) ribosomes E) endoplasmic reticulum

Do Now (Quiz) 6. Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes? A) The chloroplast B) The Golgi apparatus C) The nucleus D) The nucleolus E) The mitochondrion

Do Now (Quiz) 7. Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Rate of contraction (contractions per minute) Osmolarity of solution (mM)

Do Now (Quiz) 7. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data? (A) At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the paramecia. (B) The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases. (C) The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of ATP produced from cellular respiration. (D) In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the paramecia, so the contraction rate is zero.

Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work 2009-2010

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function works on proteins helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes Structure rough ER ribosomes attached smooth ER

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 ribosomes builds proteins ER works on proteins makes membranes cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

Golgi Apparatus Function Structure finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks” Structure membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 ribosomes builds proteins ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA TO: RNA vesicle TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finished protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

Cell membrane Function Structure separates cell from outside phosphate “head” Cell membrane Function separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer receptor molecules proteins that receive signals lipid “tail”

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins ER helps finish proteins makes membranes mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

nucleolus make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes nucleus control cell protects DNA ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration lysosome digestion & clean up chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles

Centrioles Function Structure help coordinate cell division only in animal cells Structure one pair in each cell

Our organelles do all those jobs! Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Our organelles do all those jobs!

That’s my cellular story… Any Questions? 2009-2010