UN-OHRLLS The need for international support measures and special attention to LLDCs UN-OHRLLS

Official Development Assistance (ODA) ODA to LLDCs more than doubled between , from $11 to $25.1 billion (in real terms) But 3.2% fall in 2011 (to $25.7 billion) Remittances growing to $22 billion in 2012 But reducing high cost of remittances remains key, as well as need to strengthen institutional framework for effective mobilization of remittances for productive purposes

UN-OHRLLS Official Development Assistance (ODA) Largest LLDC ODA recipients Unequal concentration within LLDC group Top 2 recipients, Afghanistan and Ethiopia, account for 40% High aid-dependency: 13 LLDCs rely on ODA for at least 20% of the central government expenditure between 2003 and 2010

UN-OHRLLS Aid for Trade Aid for Trade commitments to LLDCs more than doubled from $4.1 billion in to $8.7 billion in 2010 (in real terms) A real fall of 17% in 2011 (to $7.7 billion) Top 3 recipients (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Uganda) account for 40% of the groups total Aid for Trade

UN-OHRLLS Technical Assistance Technical assistance programme Provides training to enhance LLDCs ability to raise awareness of and analyze multilateral trade agreements and trade issues and effectively participate in WTO negotiations Technical assistance to LLDCs should be further encouraged in WTO trade negotiations, including market access, services, trade facilitation, investment and regional trade agreements Technical assistance should be targeted to needs of individual LLDC situation WTO accession 24 LLDCs are WTO members, 2 joined in 2013, 6 are in accession process Targeted technical assistance should be provided to acceding LLDCs Peer-to-peer collaboration to share experiences between existing and acceding WTO members and technical assistance, with support of international organizations and donors

UN-OHRLLS Preferential Market Access LLDCs share in world merchandise trade has increased in the latter half of the 2000s, but remains at just 1.2% in 2011 Duty-free market access by developed countries on imports from LLDCs reached 93% in 2010 (excluding arms and oil), from 70% in 2000 Developed countries and some more advanced developing countries extend preferential market tariff treatment to LLDCs exports under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) and special schemes

UN-OHRLLS No preferential market access scheme specifically for LLDCs Preference schemeBeneficiariesCoveragePeriod European Union GSP All LLDCs (except Moldova and Macedonia; Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan will not be eligible after Jan 2014) 66% of tariff lines (6,209) at tariff reductions or duty-free, in addition 25% of tariff lines that are duty-free under MFN December 2013 GSP+ Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Mongolia, Paraguay 66% of tariff lines at tariff reduction or duty-free, in addition 25% of tariff lines that are duty-free under MFN United States African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia 1,683 tariff lines (90%) duty-free in addition to GSP lines and 3,868 duty-free lines under MFN May September 2015 CanadaGSPAll LLDCs80.6% of tariff lines duty-free (6,720 tariff lines) June 2014 JapanGSPAll LLDCs 3,478 tariff lines at various tariff reductions, including duty-free treatment March 2012

UN-OHRLLS Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI has great potential to spur economic growth and development in LLDCs through: Enhanced financing Technology transfer Building of productive capacities Infrastructure development Employment creation and improved management techniques

UN-OHRLLS Few resource-rich countries receive most of FDI Top 5 recipients countries account for 70% of the groups total But 12 LLDCs experienced fall in FDI Majority of FDI to LLDCs is greenfield investments in extractive industries FDI inflows grew 24% in 2011 to $34.8 billion, almost four-fold since 2003

UN-OHRLLS National and international enabling environment Promote regional integration and cooperation Boost aid for productive capacity and technical assistance Create conducive macroeconomic and regulatory framework Encourage public-private partnerships, particularly for infrastructure investments Provide financial assistance and insurance guarantees to encourage firms, particularly SMEs investing abroad, through export credits, investment risk protection guarantees, concessional loans, especially for infrastructure projects

UN-OHRLLS Benefits of regional integration and cooperation Increasing economies of scale Effective participation of LLDCs in the regional integration efforts Improved regional infrastructure network and completion of missing links: Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway networks, Trans- African Highway, Euro-Asian Transport Links road and rail routes Regional legal framework, harmonizing of policies and programmes Ensuring greater intra-regional trade South-South cooperation, in particular from transit countries, offers potential for increased financial and technical assistance for LLDCs and diversified trade opportunities

UN-OHRLLS Growing role of international and regional institutions UN, regional commissions, multilateral institutions including WTO, World Bank, regional development banks, some sub-regional organizations recognized and mainstreamed APoA Post-2015 agenda and SDGs need to remain focus on most vulnerable countries, including LLDCs

UN-OHRLLS Almaty Unfinished Agenda But it is unfinished agenda LLDCs continue to face serious constraints because of their lack of access to sea, remoteness major markets, inadequate transit facilities and services International community does not fully recognize their special needs and response to address their needs Almaty is not Programme for LLDCs only, but it is global partnership framework for transit transport cooperation New programme would offer 3 WINS: Win for the LLDCs, win for the transit neighbours and win for their development partners. This is particularly true in todays new reality and landscape of international trade DELIVERABLES AND SPECIFIC ACTIONS?

UN-OHRLLS Thank you