Created by: Mrs. Herman 2012

Fossils are remains or evidence of once-living organisms.

FOSSIL FORMATION BrainPop Video: Textbook, Chapter 6, lesson 1 resources. hill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/ /12/60/Fossils/ htm?stateCode=FL

The Fossil Record is made up of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth.

 What is the estimate age of the trilobite fossils (bottom layer of fossils)?  Which layer is approximately 460 million years old?

Index fossils Index fossils are fossils that can be used to date the rock in which they are found. The best examples are fossils of animals or plants that lived for a very short period of time and were found in a lot of places. Ammonites, shelled relatives of today’s octopus, make ideal index fossils.

 Born in England, 1809  Studied Medicine at Edinburgh University  Transferred to Cambridge University  Studied to be a Minister Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ61-104].

 Hired as Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle  Sailed on Five Year Scientific Expedition  Down East Coast of South America  Up Pacific Coast to Galapagos Islands  Made Stops on Mainland and Islands  Observed Variety of Life and Habitats

The Galapagos Island  The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation  The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich vegetation.

The Galapagos Island  Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.  Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another.  The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited.

 Proposed Evolution Resulting from Natural Selection:  Organisms Produce Many Offspring  Competition for Food, Territory, Mates, etc.  Those With Best Traits Survive  Organisms Change Over Many Generations  Time Frame: Millions of Years

Evolution by Natural Selection  Competition exists among individuals  Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.  Variations exists among individuals within a species.  The organisms whose variations best fit them to the environment are the ones who are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass these desired variations on to the next generation. (survival of the fittest) From: Evolution and the Fossil Record By John Pojota Jr. and Dale A. Springer

Natural Selection Over time, natural selection results in changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species fitness in its environment

Adapted from: Ms. Weinberg toad Animal Adaptations

Have you ever wondered how animals are able to survive in the wild? Animals have certain adaptations that help them to survive.

Think about the way you dress in the winter. You don’t wear your shorts and bathing suit when it’s snowing outside! You wear warm clothes, and maybe even a hat and mittens to protect yourself from the weather.

And what if you are having a snowball fight? You probably run away from the person throwing at you, and maybe even try to sneak up on that person and throw some snowballs!

The way you dress in the winter, as well as the way that you run and hide from someone throwing snow at you are kinds of … Adaptations An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s change of surviving and reproducing in its environment.

We can separate adaptations into two categories: Physical (structural and functional) AND Behavioral A D A P T A T I O N S

Physical adaptations are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species. Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment. Hey! I’m a walking stick. I look just like a stick you’d find on the ground. © A. Weinberg

Physical adaptation Camouflage (use of color in a surrounding) The chameleon can change its color to match its surroundings.

Mimicry (looking or sounding like another living organism) The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart? Poisonous Not poisonous Physical adaptation I’m the Monarch! I’m the Viceroy!

Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays) Physical adaptation

Body coverings & parts (claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth) Physical adaptations The elephant’s trunk is a physical adaptation that helps it to clean itself, eat, drink, and to pick things up.

Now let’s learn about Behavioral Adaptations… Behavioral Adaptations allow animals to respond to life needs.

Each organism has unique methods of adapting to its environment by means of different actions. Behavioral Adaptations are animals’ actions. Remember that Physical Adaptations are body structures.

We can divide Behavioral Adaptations into two groups: Instinctive Learned These behaviors happen naturally & don’t have to be learned. These behaviors must be taught.

Instinctive behaviors happen naturally & don’t need to be learned = Finding shelter Methods of gathering & storing food Defending oneself Raising young Hibernating Migrating

Learned behaviors Obtained by interacting with the environment and cannot be passed on to the next generation except by teaching. =

Changes….. Environments are complex. Species must adapt to an environment’s living parts as well as it’s nonliving parts. Nonliving parts include temperature, water, nutrients in soil and climate. Deciduous trees shed their leaves due to changes in climate. Camouflage, mimicry and mouth shape are adaptations mostly to an environments living parts. Living and nonliving factors are always changing. Even slight environmental changes affect how species adapt. If a species is unable to adapt, it becomes extinct. The fossil record contains many fossils of species that were unable to adapt to change. From text page 222

 Biological Evolution - the change over time in populations of related organisms.  Extinction – occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies.

Evidence of Evolution  The Fossil Record  Geographic Distribution of Living Things  Homologous Body Structures  Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution  The Fossil Record  Geographic Distribution of Living Things  Homologous Body Structures  Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution  The Fossil Record  Geographic Distribution of Living Things  Homologous Body Structures - structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue  Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution  The Fossil Record  Geographic Distribution of Living Things  Homologous Body Structures  Similarities in Early Development

Evidence of Evolution  The Fossil Record  Geographic Distribution of Living Things  Homologous Body Structures  Similarities in Early Development Vestigial organs - organs that serve no useful function in an organism, i.e. appendix, tail bone. Rib cage of a Python