นำเสนอโดย นพ. วีระเทพ ฉัตรธนโชติกุล

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Presentation transcript:

Case conference “ A 57-year-old man with acute abdominal pain in RUQ and RLQ “ นำเสนอโดย นพ. วีระเทพ ฉัตรธนโชติกุล Staff ผู้ควบคุม นพ. ไพศาล คุรุเสถียร ณ ห้องประชุมร่มฉัตร อาคารเฉลิมพระเกียรติ ชั้น 5 หอผู้ป่วยศัลยกรรม วันอังคารที่ 10 มิถุนายน 2546

ผู้ป่วยชายไทยคู่อายุ 57 ปี อาชีพ ทำนา ภูมิลำเนา อ ผู้ป่วยชายไทยคู่อายุ 57 ปี อาชีพ ทำนา ภูมิลำเนา อ.โพธาราม เข้ารับการรักษาใน ร.พ. โพธาราม วันที่ 19 พ.ค. 2546 รับย้ายมาที่หอผู้ป่วยศัลยกรรม วันที่ 20 พ.ค. 2546 อาการสำคัญ ปวดท้องด้านขวามาก 2 วันก่อนมาโรงพยาบาล ประวัติปัจจุบัน 2 เดือนก่อนมา ร.พ. ผู้ป่วยมีอาการปวดท้องตื้อๆเป็นๆหายๆอยู่เป็นประจำ อาการปวดท้องมักเป็นที่ด้านขวา ปัสสาวะปกติ มีอาการท้องผูกสลับท้องเสีย เป็นบางช่วง ไม่มีอาการปวดเบ่ง ไม่มีอาการคลื่นไส้อาเจียน ผู้ป่วยรู้สึกว่าผอม ลงและกินอาหารได้น้อยลง น้ำหนักตัวลดลง 4 กิโลกรัมในช่วง 2 เดือนที่ผ่านมา 2 วันก่อนมา ร.พ. อาการปวดท้องด้านขวาเป็นมากขึ้น ปวดทั้งด้านบนและ ด้านล่าง มีไข้สูงร่วมด้วย คลื่นไส้แต่ไม่อาเจียน ปัสสาวะและอุจจาระปกติ จึง มาพบแพทย์ที่โรงพยาบาล

ประวัติอดีต ก่อนหน้านี้ ผ. ป ประวัติอดีต ก่อนหน้านี้ ผ.ป. มีอาการปวดท้องตื้อๆด้านขวานานประมาณ 2 ปี เคยมีอาการถ่ายอุจจาระมีมูกเลือดปนหลายครั้ง ประวัติครอบครัว ปฏิเสธประวัติโรคมะเร็งต่างๆในครอบครัว ประวัติส่วนตัว ปฏิเสธโรคประจำตัวต่างๆ สูบใบจาก 20 มวน / วัน มานาน 30 ปี ดื่มเหล้าเป็นบางโอกาส

Physical examination T 38.8oC, P 84/min, BP 130/80 mmHg, RR 20/min Moderately pale , no jaundice Heart & Lungs :- normal Abdomen :- mild distention, tender as figure, guarding and rigidity +ve, no palpable mass, slightly decreased bowel sounds PR :- not tender, prostate gland 3 FB , smooth surface tender

Problem list 1. Acute abdominal pain in RUQ & RLQ 2. Fever 3. History of chronic abdominal pain ( right side ) 4. History of bowel habit change 5. Weight loss & decreased appetite 6. Moderately pale 7. Sign of peritonitis

Acute abdominal pain “…Even today, it remains true that the vast majority of diagnosis of patients with acute abdominal pain are still made on the basis of a careful history and physical examination…” Cope’s early diagnosis of the acute abdomen

Acute abdominal pain History taking * Duration, onset, location, pattern, associated symptoms, aggravating factor, relieving factor, referred pain, ... Physical examination * Sign of peritonitis ???

Acute abdominal pain RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ *Biliary colic, Cholangitis, Cholecystitis *Gastritis *Pancreatitis *Splenic rupture,infarction *Renal colic, Herpes zoster *Myocardial infarction (MI) *Pneumonia *Empyema *Hepatitis, Liver abscess *Peptic ulcer, Pancreatitis *Retrocecal appendicitis *Renal colic, Herpes zoster *MI, Pericarditis, Pneumonia *Empyema *Diverticulitis *Intestinal obstruction *Appendicitis *Ectopic pregnancy, Twisted ovarian cyst, PID *Ureteric calculi, Renal colic *Psoas abscess *Appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, regional enteritis *Diverticulitis, Cholecystitis *PU perforation *Ectopic pregnancy, Twisted ovarian cyst, PID *Ureteric calculi, Renal colic *Psoas abscess RLQ LLQ

Diffuse abdominal pain Acute abdominal pain Diffuse abdominal pain * Pancreatitis * Early appendicitis * Leukemia , Sickle cell crisis * Mesenteric adenitis * Gastroenteritis , Colitis * Intestinal obstruction * Metabolic cause

Differential diagnosis Chronic abdominal pain * Perforation * Obstruction * Ischemia * Hemorrhage Sudden onset Acute abdominal pain

Differential diagnosis Peptic ulcer perforation Perforated CA colon ( Rt.side ) Pancreatitis Complicated chronic cholecystitis

Laboratory investigation CBC :- Hb 6.9, Hct 22%, MCV 56, microcytic 1+, hypochromic 1+, poikilocytosis 1+, few anisocytosis, WBC 16,200, N 92%, L 8%, Plt.489,000 Urine exam :- sp.gr. 1.013, pH 5.5, no RBC, WBC 0-1, Epith. cell 1-2

Laboratory investigation LFT :- Alb. 3.2, Glob. 3.2, TB 0.8, DB 0.2, SGOT 16, SGPT 16, Alk.phos. 40 Serum amylase :- 67

Film acute abdomen series Chest x-ray ( PA upright ) no free air Plain abdomen ( supine view ) abrupt narrowing of lumen at hepatic flexure of colon Plain abdomen ( upright view )

Ultrasound of upper abdomen * Minimal intraperitoneal free fluid ; peritonitis cause ?

Preoperative management Laboratory investigation NPO G&M PRC 4 units NG intubation Cefotaxime 1 gm iv.q 6 hr. Metronidazole 500 mg iv.q 8 hr. Set OR for Explor. Lap.

Intraoperative period Under general anesthesia (GA) Mass at hepatic flexure with perforation & few contamination Suspected metastasis to pericolic nodes Few free fluid Cul-de-sac :-free Operation :-Right half colectomy and end-to-side ileocolic anastomosis

Postoperative management Ceftriaxone 1 gm iv.q 12 hr. Metronidazole 500 mg iv.q 8 hr. Tissue for pathological report

Pathological diagnosis Ileum,cecum,appendix and colon; Right half colectomy :- * Signet-ring CA of colon , size 4.5x4x2.3 cm with mucinous component <50% of the tumour * Tumour extends to serosa and pericolic fat * No malignancy at the proximal and distal resected margins * Nodal metastasis ( 2/16 ) * Unremarkable ileum and appendix

Colonic cancer ( CA colon )

CA colon Epidemiology Etiology * Male : Female = 1.3 : 1 * Age 50+ years Etiology * Polyps (Adenomatous polyps) * Diet ( fat, calories, fiber) * Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease) * Genetic factor * Smoking * Others

CA colon Pathology * Macroscopic - Polypoid, ulcerating, annular, infiltrative - Synchronous lesion (3%) - Metachronous lesion (3%)

CA colon Pathology * Histology - Adenocarcinoma ( Mucinous adenoCA 10-15% ) - Staging by Dukes’ classification and TNM classification

CA colon Dukes’ classification A confined to mucosa B1 muscle wall but not serosa B2 involves serosa C1 muscle wall+lymph nodes C2 serosa+lymph nodes D distant metastases B A C B C D

CA colon TNM classification T Tumour invasion N Lymph node M Metastases Spreading - Lymphatic, hematogenous (via veins to liver), peritoneal

CA colon Location & Clinical features Right side *Anemia (bleeding) *Weight loss *Right iliac fossa mass *Dull and ill-defined abdominal pain ( rarely obstruction ) Left side *Altered bowel habit *Altered bleeding per rectum *1/3 large bowel obstruction *Decrease in stool caliber, tenesmus 10% 5% 15% 20% 50%

CA colon Clinical course * Metastases to regional LN 40-70% of cases at the time of resection * Venous invasion up to 60% of cases * Most common site of metastases :- Liver, Peritoneal cavity, Lung, Adrenal, Ovaries, Bone

CA colon Diagnosis * Clinical diagnosis * Biopsy confirmation * General evaluation ( PE, DRE, CBC, LFT, Chest x-ray ) * Carcinoembryogenic antigen ( CEA ) screening for early recurrence * CT scan , MRI * Sigmoidoscopy, Colonoscopy , Double-contrast barium enema

CA colon Management * Surgery - Resection of the tumour with adequate margins and regional lymph nodes - Procedures # Rt.hemicolectomy (no bowel prep.) for lesions from caecum to splenic flexure # Lt.hemicolectomy (bowel prep.) for lesions of descending and sigmoid colon # Hartmann’s procedure for emergency to left side of colon

CA colon Other treatment * Adjunctive chemotherapy for patient with Dukes’ C ! 5-FU plus leucovorin ! 5-FU plus levamisole ( incidence of recurrence 41% )

CA colon Prognosis * Prognostic factors ~ Stage ( most important ) ~ Histologic grading ~ Anatomic location of the tumour ~ Clinical presentation ~ Chromosome 18 * 5-year survival depends on staging

CA colon 5-year survival rate Dukes’ A 90-95 % Dukes’ B 75-80 % Dukes’ C 40-70 % Dukes’ D 5 %

CA colon Follow up * About 85% of all recurrences are evident within 3 years after surgical resection * High preoperative CEA levels usually revert to normal within 6 weeks after complete resection

CA colon Follow up * Clinical evaluation * Chest x-ray * Colonoscopy * CEA levels

Patient with acute abdomen History,PE Unstable or obvious surgical indication Stable condition Observation Exclude medical condition Consider : * Hemorrhage * Perforation * Acute peritonitis * Bowel obstruction * Ischemia Consider : Inadequate physical manifestation Further studies Continued pain Increased pain Decreased pain Resuscitation Observation Consult surgery Explor. lap.

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